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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Tutorial Review on the Fluorescent Probes as a Molecular Logic Circuit-Digital Comparator. Molecules 2023; 28:6327. [PMID: 37687156 PMCID: PMC10489932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in the field of fluorescent probes and fluorescent sensing material extended this research area toward more complex molecular logic gates capable of carrying out a variety of sensing functions simultaneously. These molecules are able to calculate a composite result in which the analysis is not performed by a man but by the molecular device itself. Since the first report by de Silva of AND molecular logic gate, all possible logic gates have been achieved at the molecular level, and currently, utilization of more complicated molecular logic circuits is a major task in this field. Comparison between two digits is the simplest logic operation, which could be realized with the simplest logic circuit. That is why the right understanding of the applied principles during the implementation of molecular digital comparators could play a critical role in obtaining logic circuits that are more complicated. Herein, all possible ways for the construction of comparators on the molecular level were discussed, and recent achievements connected with these devices were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Sakr AR, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Design and Synthesis of a Novel ICT Bichromophoric pH Sensing System Based on 1,8-Naphthalimide Fluorophores as a Two-Input Logic Gate and Its Antibacterial Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083631. [PMID: 37110865 PMCID: PMC10145821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, sensor activity, and logic behavior of a novel 4-iminoamido-1,8-naphthalimide bichromophoric system based on a "fluorophore-receptor" architecture with ICT chemosensing properties is reported. The synthesized compound showed good colorimetric and fluorescence signaling properties as a function of pH and proved itself as a promising probe for the rapid detection of pH in an aqueous solution and base vapors in a solid state. The novel dyad is able to work as a two-input logic gate with chemical inputs H+ (Input 1) and HO- (Input 2) executing INHIBIT logic gate. The synthesized bichromophoric system and the corresponding intermediates demonstrated good antibacterial activity toward Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria when compared with the Gentamycin standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa R Sakr
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Georgiev NI, Krasteva PV, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Highly Water-Soluble and Solid State Emissive 1,8-Naphthalimide as a Fluorescent PET Probe for Determination of pHs, Acid/Base Vapors, and Water Content in Organic Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134229. [PMID: 35807479 PMCID: PMC9268048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new highly water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore designed on the “fluorophore-spacer-receptor1-receptor2” model has been synthesized. Due to the unusually high solubility in water, the novel compound proved to be a selective PET-based probe for the determination of pHs in aqueous solutions and rapid detection of water content in organic solvents. Based on the pH dependence of the probe and its high water solubility, the INH logic gate was achieved using NaOH and water as chemical inputs, where NaOH is the disabler and the water is an enabler. In addition, the probe showed effective fluorescence “off-on” reversibility on glass support after exposure to acid and base vapors, which defines it as a promising platform for rapid detection of acid/base vapors in the solid-state, thus extending the molecular sensing concept from solution to the solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Correspondence: (N.I.G.); (V.B.B.); Tel.: +35-(92)-8163207 (N.I.G.); +35-(92)-8163206 (V.B.B.)
| | | | | | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Correspondence: (N.I.G.); (V.B.B.); Tel.: +35-(92)-8163207 (N.I.G.); +35-(92)-8163206 (V.B.B.)
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Hydrazone-based Schiff base dual chemosensor for recognition of Cu2+ and F− by 1:2 demultiplexer, half adder, half subtractor, molecular keypad lock and logically reversible transfer gate logic circuits and its application as test kit. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Paul A, Sahoo A, Bhattacharya S, Baitalik S. Anion and Temperature Responsive Molecular Switches Based on Trimetallic Complexes of Ru(II) and Os(II) That Demonstrate Advanced Boolean and Fuzzy Logic Functions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3186-3201. [PMID: 35144385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anion- and temperature-induced alteration of the photoredox behaviors of our recently reported trimetallic complexes was carried out to fabricate potential molecular switches. The triads [(phen)2Ru(d-HIm-t)M(t-HIm-d)Ru(phen)2]6+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, d-HIm-t = heterotopic bipyridine-terpyridne type bridging ligand, and M = RuII and OsII) possess two acidic imidazole NH protons that upon interaction with anions give rise to considerable changes in their photophysical and electrochemical behaviors. Red-shifts of the absorption and emission maximum and a decrease in the M3+/M2+ potential occur when the triads are treated with basic anions. In fact, the triads can function as triple-channel sensors for F-, AcO-, CN-, OH-, and H2PO4- in acetonitrile and as selective probes for CN- and SCN- in water. The equilibrium constants for the receptor-anion interaction are on the order of 106 M-1, while the limit of detection was on the order of 10-9 M. Temperature plays a key role in the luminescence properties of the triads by adjusting the energy barrier between the emitting triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer and non-emitting triplet metal-centered levels. A decrease in temperature leads to increases in the emission intensity and lifetime of the triads displaying the "on state", whereas an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in their emission characteristics and thus indicates the "off state" and that the process is fully reversible. In essence, the triads could function as potential switches on the basis of the reversible change in their spectral and redox behaviors under the influence of anion, acid, and temperature. The most important outcome of this study is mimicking several advanced Boolean and fuzzy logic functions by utilizing the spectral response of the triads upon the action of said external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Paul
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anik Sahoo
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sohini Bhattacharya
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sujoy Baitalik
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Low Molecular Weight Probe for Selective Sensing of PH and Cu 2+ Working as Three INHIBIT Based Digital Comparator. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:405-417. [PMID: 34988841 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel simple molecular chemosensor 2 was synthesized and examined for pH, cations and anions detection. At pH values higher than 10, probe 2 switches on a green emission where the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is ceased. Also, the probe absorption spectrum shows a clear pH dependence, and the probe aqueous solution (ethanol/water = 1:2, borate buffer) responds selectively and sensitively through its fluorescence spectrum to the presence of Cu2+. Job's plot gave a 2:1 stoichiometry of Probe-2/Cu2+ complex, which responds to the presence of S2- and H2PO4- in aqueous solution (ethanol/water = 1:2, borate buffer) by its absorption and fluorescence spectra. In addition, probe 2 mimics a digital comparator based on three INHIBIT logic gates by different outputs using HO- and H+ as inputs. Moreover, probe 2 also executes AND and NOT TRANSFER logic gates using Cu2+ and S2- as inputs.
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Ismail SR, Bryaskova RG, Georgiev NI, Philipova ND, Bakov VV, Uzunova VP, Tzoneva RD, Bojinov VB. Design and synthesis of fluorescent shell functionalized polymer micelles for biomedical application. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selen R. Ismail
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Rayna G. Bryaskova
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Nikoleta D. Philipova
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Veselina P. Uzunova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical EngineeringBulgarian Academy of Science Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana D. Tzoneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical EngineeringBulgarian Academy of Science Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia Bulgaria
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Said AI, Georgiev NI, Hamdan SA, Bojinov VB. A chemosensoring molecular lab for various analytes and its ability to execute a molecular logical digital comparator. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:1431-1443. [PMID: 31760584 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We reported here the unique ability of a Rhodamine 6G-based probe (3) to detect discriminately several targets, including H+, HO-, Cu2+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Ni2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Ce3+and Ag+, by unambiguously colorimetric and fluorimetric outcomes. In aqueous solutions, the presence of proton induced the ring-opening of rhodamine moiety but the presence of hydroxide induced the conversion of 2-hydroxyphenyl hydrazone moiety from the non-fluorescent benzenoid form into the fluorescent quinoid form. The probe could to distinguish between different cations in DMF and to work like an artificial tongue at molecular level. Several logic gates including OR, INHIBIT and TRANSFER, were performed by the probe. Moreover, the probe is able to execute three INHIBIT logic gates by two inputs, which was exploited to execute a digital molecular comparator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad I Said
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shaimaa A Hamdan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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The simplest molecular chemosensor for detecting higher pHs, Cu2+ and S2- in aqueous environment and executing various logic gates. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Said AI, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Synthesis of a single 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore as a molecular logic lab for simultaneously detecting of Fe 3+, Hg 2+ and Cu 2. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 196:76-82. [PMID: 29433042 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence sensing 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore is synthesized and investigated. The novel probe comprising two different binding moieties is capable to detect selectively Fe3+ over the other representative metal ions as well as a combination of biologically important cations such as Fe3+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in the physiological range without an interfering effect of the pHs. Due to the remarkable fluorescence changes in the presence of Fe3+, Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions, INH and AND logic gates are executed and the system is able to act as a single output combinatorial logic circuit with three chemical inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad I Said
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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11
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Huang G, Li C, Han X, Aderinto SO, Shen K, Mao S, Wu H. Sensitive and selective detection of Cu(II) ion: A new effective 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescence ‘turn off’ sensor. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:660-669. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Huang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Han
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen Opeyemi Aderinto
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Kesheng Shen
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Mao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Huilu Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
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Georgiev NI, Dimitrova MD, Mavrova AT, Bojinov VB. Synthesis, fluorescence-sensing and molecular logic of two water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimides. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 183:7-16. [PMID: 28432919 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two novel highly water-soluble fluorescence sensing 1,8-naphthalimides are synthesized and investigated. The novel compounds are designed on the "fluorophore-receptor1-spacer-receptor2" model as a molecular fluorescence probe for determination of cations and anions in 100% aqueous media. The novel probes comprising N-imide and N-phenylpiperazine or morpholine substituents are capable to operate simultaneously via ICT and PET signaling mechanism as a function of pH and to recognize selectively Cu2+ and Hg2+ over the other representative metal ions. Due to the remarkable fluorescence changes in the presence of protons, hydroxyl anions, Hg2+ and Cu2+, INH and doubly disabled INH logic gates are executed and the systems are able to act as a single output combinatorial logic circuit with four chemical inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Margarita D Dimitrova
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anelia Ts Mavrova
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Cui S, Tang Y, Lu R, Pu S. A multi-addressable diarylethene for the selective detection of Al3+ and the construction of a logic circuit. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23295g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-addressable diarylethene was designed and synthesized, which not only acted as a fluorescent sensor for Al3+ with high selectivity, but was also used to construct a combinational logic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Cui
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang
- PR China
| | - Yongjuan Tang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang
- PR China
| | - Ruimin Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang
- PR China
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang
- PR China
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Said AI, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Sensor activity and logic behavior of dihydroxyphenyl hydrazone derivative as a chemosensor for Cu 2+ determination in alkaline aqueous solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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