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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K Hashim
- Chemistry and BiotechnologyThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo Ku Tokyo 113 8656 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University N20, W10 Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
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Leyva E, de Loera D, Espinosa-González CG, Noriega S. Physicochemical Properties and Photochemical Reactions in Organic Crystals. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666190313152105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Molecular organic photochemistry is concerned with the description of physical and chemical processes generated upon the absorption of photons by organic molecules. Recently, it has become an important part of many areas of science: chemistry, biology, biochemistry, medicine, biophysics, material science, analytical chemistry, among others. Many synthetic chemists are using photochemical reactions in crystals to generate different types of organic compounds since this methodology represents a green chemistry approach.Objective & Method:Chemical reactions in crystals are quite different from reactions in solution. The range of organic solid state reactions and the degree of control which could be achieved under these conditions are quite wider and subtle. Therefore, for a large number of molecular crystals, the photochemical outcome is not the expected product based on topochemical principles. To explain these experimental results, several physicochemical factors in crystal structure have been proposed such as defects, reaction cavity, dynamic preformation or photoinduced lattice instability and steric compression control. In addition, several crystal engineering strategies have been developed to bring molecules into adequate orientations with reactive groups in good proximity to synthesize complex molecules that in many cases are not available by conventional methods. Some strategies involve structural modifications like intramolecular substitution with different functional groups to modify intermolecular interactions. Other strategies involve chemical techniques such as mixed crystal formation, charge transfer complexes, ionic and organometallic interactions. Furthermore, some examples of the single crystal to single crystal transformations have also been developed showing an elegant method to achieve regio and stereoselectivity in a photochemical reaction.Conclusion:The several examples given in this review paper have shown the wide scope of photochemical reactions in organic molecular crystals. There are several advantages of carrying photochemical reaction in the solid state. Production of materials unobtainable by the traditional solution phase reactions, improved specificity, reduction of impurities, and enhancement in the yields by the reduction of side reactions. These advantages and the multidisciplinary nature of solid-state photochemistry make this discipline quite likely to develop a lot in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Denisse de Loera
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Claudia G. Espinosa-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Saúl Noriega
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
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Nagasaki K, Inoue Y, Mori T. Entropy-Driven Diastereoselectivity Improvement in the Paternò-Büchi Reaction of 1-Naphthyl Aryl Ethenes with a Chiral Cyanobenzoate through Remote Alkylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
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Nagasaki K, Inoue Y, Mori T. Entropy-Driven Diastereoselectivity Improvement in the Paternò-Büchi Reaction of 1-Naphthyl Aryl Ethenes with a Chiral Cyanobenzoate through Remote Alkylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4880-4885. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
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Mori T. Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis Based on Selective Excitation of Charge-Transfer Complexes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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