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Lofrano G, Ubaldi F, Albarano L, Carotenuto M, Vaiano V, Valeriani F, Libralato G, Gianfranceschi G, Fratoddi I, Meric S, Guida M, Romano Spica V. Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Innovative Photocatalysts: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2831. [PMID: 36014697 PMCID: PMC9415964 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens represent one of the most widespread environmental concerns. Conventional disinfection methods, including chlorination and UV, pose several operational and environmental problems; namely, formation of potentially hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs) and high energy consumption. Therefore, there is high demand for effective, low-cost disinfection treatments. Among advanced oxidation processes, the photocatalytic process, a form of green technology, is becoming increasingly attractive. A systematic review was carried out on the synthesis, characterization, toxicity, and antimicrobial performance of innovative engineered photocatalysts. In recent decades, various engineered photocatalysts have been developed to overcome the limits of conventional photocatalysts using different synthesis methods, and these are discussed together with the main parameters influencing the process behaviors. The potential environmental risks of engineered photocatalysts are also addressed, considering the toxicity effects presented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Movement, Health and Human Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (F.U.); (G.G.); (V.R.S.)
| | - Francesca Ubaldi
- Department of Movement, Health and Human Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (F.U.); (G.G.); (V.R.S.)
| | - Luisa Albarano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.C.); (V.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Vaiano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.C.); (V.V.)
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Health and Human Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (F.U.); (G.G.); (V.R.S.)
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Gianluca Gianfranceschi
- Department of Movement, Health and Human Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (F.U.); (G.G.); (V.R.S.)
| | - Ilaria Fratoddi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sureyya Meric
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Corlu 59860, Turkey;
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Health and Human Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (F.U.); (G.G.); (V.R.S.)
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