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Chen S, Pillitteri S, Fron E, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Visible-Light-Induced Cascade Difunctionalization of Indoles Enabled by the Synergy of Photoredox and Photoexcited Ketones: Direct Access to Alkylated Pyrrolophenanthridones. Org Lett 2022; 24:9386-9391. [PMID: 36525615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a methodology to construct polycyclic pyrrolophenanthridones with an (amino)alkyl side chain that involves visible-light-induced decarboxylative radical addition for the intermolecular dearomatization of indoles and subsequent photoinduced C(sp2)-X bond activation via photoexcited ketones for an intramolecular cyclization cascade. Carboxylic acids serve both as a radical source toward indole dearomatization and as reductants to initiate an electron transfer with photoexcited N-acylindole derivatives in the reaction toward pyrrolophenantridone skeletons, which occurs under mild reaction conditions with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serena Pillitteri
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Core Facility for Advanced Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, RU-117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Jiao Y, Đorđević L, Mao H, Young RM, Jaynes T, Chen H, Qiu Y, Cai K, Zhang L, Chen XY, Feng Y, Wasielewski MR, Stupp SI, Stoddart JF. A Donor-Acceptor [2]Catenane for Visible Light Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8000-8010. [PMID: 34028258 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Colored charge-transfer complexes can be formed by the association between electron-rich donor and electron-deficient acceptor molecules, bringing about the narrowing of HOMO-LUMO energy gaps so that they become capable of harnessing visible light. In an effort to facilitate the use of these widespread, but nonetheless weak, interactions for visible light photocatalysis, it is important to render the interactions strong and robust. Herein, we employ a well-known donor-acceptor [2]catenane-formed by the mechanical interlocking of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) and 1,5-dinaphtho[38]crown-10-in which the charge-transfer interactions between two 4,4'-bipyridinium and two 1,5-dioxynaphthalene units are enhanced by mechanical bonding, leading to increased absorption of visible light, even at low concentrations in solution. As a result, since this [2]catenane can generate persistent bipyridinium radical cations under continuous visible-light irradiation without the need for additional photosensitizers, it can display good catalytic activity in both photo-reductions and -oxidations, as demonstrated by hydrogen production-in the presence of platinum nanoparticles-and aerobic oxidation of organic sulfides, such as l-methionine, respectively. This research, which highlights the usefulness of nanoconfinement present in mechanically interlocked molecules for the reinforcement of weak interactions, can not only expand the potential of charge-transfer interactions in solar energy conversion and synthetic photocatalysis but also open up new possibilities for the development of active artificial molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Center for Bio-inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tyler Jaynes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Center for Bio-inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Center for Bio-inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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13
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Cao L, Fang G, Wang Y. Electroreduction of Viologen Phenyl Diazonium Salts as a Strategy To Control Viologen Coverage on Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:980-987. [PMID: 28044444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the reported electrografting of aryldiazonium salts result in the formation of covalently attached films with a limited surface coverage of below 5 nmol·cm-2. Herein, we report the preparation of higher-thickness redox-active viologen-grafted electrodes from the electroreduction of viologen phenyl diazonium salts, by either cyclic voltammetric (CV) sweeps or electrolysis using a fixed potential. Both of the methodologies were successfully applied for various conductive surfaces, including glassy carbon (GC), gold disc, indium tin oxide glass, mesoporous TiO2 electrodes, and 3D compacted carbon fibers. A robust maximal viologen coverage, Γviologen = 9.5 nmol·cm-2, was achieved on a GC electrode by CV electroreduction. Electroreduction held at a fixed potential at Eappl. = -0.3 V can fabricate viologen-grafted electrodes with Γviologen in the range of 0-37 nmol·cm-2 in a controllable way, by simply adjusting the electrodeposition time tappl.. Time-dependent Γviologen were found to be 10 nmol·cm-2@2 min, 20 nmol·cm-2@4.2 min, and 30 nmol·cm-2@7 min. Furthermore, a TiO2 electrode coupled with Γviologen of 140 nmol·cm-2 exhibited electrochromic performance, with the color changing from pale yellow to blue and red brown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcheng Cao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Gan Fang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yuechuan Wang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Sichuan University , South Section of 1st Ring Road 24, Chengdu 610065, China
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