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Sisodiya DS, Chattopadhyay A. The photochemical trans → cis and thermal cis → trans isomerization pathways of azobenzo-13-crown ether: A computational study on a strained cyclic azobenzene system. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:034307. [PMID: 39017425 DOI: 10.1063/5.0206946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The isomerization of azobenzo-13-crown ether can be expected to be hindered due to the polyoxyethylene linkage connecting the 2,2'-positions of azobenzene. The mixed reference spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory results reveal that the planar and rotational minima of the first photo-excited singlet state (S1) of the trans-isomer pass through a barrier (2.5-5.0 kcal/mol) as it goes toward the torsional conical intersection (S0/S1) geometry (
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Singh Sisodiya
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
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2
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Shalabi K, Abd El-Lateef HM, Hammouda MM, Abdelhamid AA. Green Synthesizing and Corrosion Inhibition Characteristics of Azo Compounds on Carbon Steel under Sweet Conditions: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18932-18945. [PMID: 38708197 PMCID: PMC11064054 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The deterioration of carbon steel in saline solutions enriched with carbon dioxide represents a significant challenge within the oil and gas industry. So, this study focuses on the design and structural analysis of four azo derivatives: 4-(2-quinolinylazo)-catechol (AZN-1), 4-(4-phenoxyphenylazo)-1-naphthol (AZN-2), 4-(4-pyridylazo)-1-naphthol (AZN-3), and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-1-naphthol (AZN-4), and their first application as effective corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in a carbon dioxide saturated 3.5% sodium chloride solution. Spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the structural configurations of these compounds. The corrosion protection properties of these compounds on carbon steel in a carbon dioxide saturated 3.5% sodium chloride solution (under sweet conditions) were investigated using Tafel polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies. The results indicate that the inhibition efficiency increases as the concentration of the inhibitors increases. There is a notable agreement between the results obtained from the PDP and EIS measurements, supporting the findings. Moreover, the results displayed that these compounds had significant corrosion protection capabilities at low concentrations, ranging from 91.0 to 98.3% at an additive concentration of 5 × 10-4 M. The PDP profiles showed that these compounds acted as mixed inhibitors, and their adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm model. Besides, EIS results corroborate the adsorption of AZN compounds through a reduction in double-layer capacitance (Cdl) alongside an augmentation in polarization resistance (Rp) after the addition of AZN compounds into the corrosive solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of a protective layer on the surface of carbon steel when these inhibitors were applied. In addition, computational calculations and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to support the experimental observations, gain insights into the adsorption properties, and elucidate the corrosion inhibition mechanisms of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shalabi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal
University, P.O. Box
400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hammouda
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Antar A. Abdelhamid
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha
University, Al-Baha 1988, Saudi Arabia
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Szulc P, Luboch E, Okuniewski A, Wagner-Wysiecka E. Fluorescence of p-hydroxyazobenzocrowns - Tautomeric equilibrium effect. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123721. [PMID: 38086231 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties of a series of para-hydroxyazobenzocrowns, including three novel compounds, were investigated using UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy. This study presents, for the first time, determined quantum yield (QY) values for macrocycles of this category, ranging between 0.122 and 0.195. The highest values were obtained for crowns bearing two phenyl substituents in benzene rings. The impact of aromatic ring substituents and macroring size on the spectral characterization (1H NMR and FTIR) of p-hydroxyazobenzocrowns was examined in consideration of the azophenol ⇄ quinone-hydrazone tautomeric equilibrium. Dipole moments of p-hydroxyazobenzocrowns in the ground and excited states have been determined. The alignment between experimental findings and theoretical studies was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Szulc
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Okuniewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Advanced Materials Center, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Wagner-Wysiecka E, Szulc P, Luboch E, Chojnacki J, Sowiński P, Szwarc-Karabyka K. Products of Photo- and Thermochemical Rearrangement of 19-Membered di- tert-Butyl-Azoxybenzocrown. Molecules 2022; 27:1835. [PMID: 35335196 PMCID: PMC8955022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of products of the photochemical and thermochemical rearrangements of 19-membered azoxybenzocrowns with two, bulky, tert-butyl substituents in benzene rings in the para positions to oligooxyethylene fragments (meta positions to azoxy group, i.e., t-Bu-19-Azo-O have been presented. In photochemical rearrangement, two colored typical products were expected, i.e., 19-membered o-hydroxy-m,m'-di-tert-butyl-azobenzocrown (t-Bu-19-o-OH) and 19-membered p-hydroxy-m,m'-di-tert-butyl-azobenzocrown (t-Bu-19-p-OH). In experiments, two colored atypical macrocyclic derivatives, one 6-membered and one 5-membered ring, bearing an aldehyde group (t-Bu-19-al) or intramolecular ester group (t-Bu-20-ester), were obtained. Photochemical rearrangement led to one more macrocyclic product being isolated and identified: a 17-membered colorless compound, without an azo moiety, t-Bu-17-p-OH. The yield of the individual compounds was significantly influenced by the reaction conditions. Thermochemical rearrangement led to t-Bu-20-ester as the main product. The structures of the four crystalline products of the rearrangement-t-Bu-19-o-OH, t-Bu-19-p-OH, t-Bu-20-ester and t-Bu-17-p-OH-were determined by the X-ray method. Structures in solution of atypical derivatives (t-Bu-19-al and t-Bu-20-ester) and t-Bu-19-p-OH were defined using NMR spectroscopy. For the newly obtained hydroxyazobenzocrowns, the azo-phenol⇄quinone-hydrazone tautomeric equilibrium was investigated using spectroscopic methods. Complexation studies of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations were studied using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. 1H NMR spectroscopy was additionally used to study the cation recognition of metal cations. Cation binding studies in acetonitrile have shown high selectivity towards calcium over magnesium for t-Bu-19-o-OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Paulina Szulc
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Sowiński
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.S.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Szwarc-Karabyka
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.S.); (K.S.-K.)
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Wagner-Wysiecka E, Szulc P, Luboch E, Chojnacki J, Szwarc-Karabyka K, Łukasik N, Murawski M, Kosno M. Photochemical Rearrangement of a 19-Membered Azoxybenzocrown: Products and their Properties. Chempluschem 2021; 85:2067-2083. [PMID: 32909681 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of products of the chemical and photochemical rearrangements of a 19-membered o,o'-azoxybenzocrown are presented. In photochemical rearrangement, besides the expected product i. e. 19-membered o-hydroxy-o,o'-azobenzocrown (19-o-OH) obtained under defined conditions with 75 % yield, also other macrocyclic products were isolated and identified, namely: 19-membered p-hydroxy-o,o'-azobenzocrown (19-p-OH), 21-membered o'-hydroxy-o,p'-azobenzocrown (21-o'-OH) and 19-membered macrocycle containing a 5-membered ring bearing an aldehyde group (19-al). The structures of two atypical products of the photochemical rearrangement - 21-o'-OH and 19-al - were determined in the solid state by X-ray analysis and in solution using NMR spectroscopy. Tautomeric equilibrium of the formed hydroxyazobenzocrowns and its change depending on acidity/basicity of the environment and alkali and alkaline earth metal cations complexation were studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry and 1 H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Szulc
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szwarc-Karabyka
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Miłosz Murawski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.,Present address: Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Kosno
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.,Present address: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Classifications, properties, recent synthesis and applications of azo dyes. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03271. [PMID: 32042981 PMCID: PMC7002841 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have presented a very detailed review of the different classification of azo dyes as a function of the number of azo groups and the appropriate functional groups. Then we pointed out some chemical properties of these dyes such as reactivity, isomerization and tautomerism and listed. In the following, we have summarized some recent syntheses of azo dyes and the mechanism of azo dye/polymer conjugation. Finally, we indicate the principle of Gewald's reaction and its application to the synthesis of new azo dyes.
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Geng WC, Sun H, Guo DS. Macrocycles containing azo groups: recognition, assembly and application. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Łukasik N, Wagner-Wysiecka E. Anion binding by p-aminoazobenzene-derived aromatic amides: spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:1570-1579. [PMID: 28884766 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and complexing properties of p-aminoazobenzene-derived mono-, bis-, and trisamides were described. Ligands 3 and 4 bind anions, including fluorides, chlorides, bromides, acetates, benzoates, dihydrogen phosphates, hydrogen sulfates, and p-toluenesulfonates, in chloroform forming 1 : 1 complexes. The highest value of stability constant was evaluated for the 4-F- complex (log K = 5.63 ± 0.21). On the basis of 1H NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy, the possible nature of the ligand-anion interactions was proposed. The E ⇄ Z isomerization process of tripodal amide 4 in chloroform was studied. The effect of anions on Z to E thermal back isomerization was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Wagner-Wysiecka E, Łukasik N, Biernat JF, Luboch E. Azo group(s) in selected macrocyclic compounds. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018; 90:189-257. [PMID: 29568230 PMCID: PMC5845695 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-017-0779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene derivatives due to their photo- and electroactive properties are an important group of compounds finding applications in diverse fields. Due to the possibility of controlling the trans-cis isomerization, azo-bearing structures are ideal building blocks for development of e.g. nanomaterials, smart polymers, molecular containers, photoswitches, and sensors. Important role play also macrocyclic compounds well known for their interesting binding properties. In this article selected macrocyclic compounds bearing azo group(s) are comprehensively described. Here, the relationship between compounds' structure and their properties (as e.g. ability to guest complexation, supramolecular structure formation, switching and motion) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan F Biernat
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Luboch E, Jeszke M, Szarmach M, Łukasik N. New bis(azobenzocrown)s with dodecylmethylmalonyl linkers as ionophores for sodium selective potentiometric sensors. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016; 86:323-335. [PMID: 27881933 PMCID: PMC5097786 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel biscrowns 1 and 2 were synthesized from 13-membered azobenzocrown ethers containing bromoalkylenoxy chains in para position relative to the azo group. The synthesized diester molecules are dodecylmethylmalonic acid derivatives differing by the linker length. The synthesized compounds have the potential of being used as sodium ionophores in ion-selective electrodes. They were characterized and used as ionophores in classic and miniature, solid contact (screen-printed and glassy carbon) membrane ion-selective electrodes. Compound 3, a similar monoester derivative of 13-membered azobenzocrown, was synthesized and used in membrane electrodes for comparison. Lipophilicity of new ionophores was determined by TLC. Lipophilicity of bis(azobenzocrown)s was found to be within the range of logPTLC = 12-13. It was observed that the particularly important selectivity coefficients logKNa,K determined for new electrodes, being logKNa,K = -2.5 and -2.6 (SSM, 0.1 M), are better than those of the electrodes featuring seven out of the nine commercially available sodium ionophores. It was concluded that the ionophore 1 creates, in acetone, with sodium iodide, complex of 1:1 stoichiometry (sandwich complex) with stability constant (logK) ca. 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jeszke
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mirosław Szarmach
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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