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Faghihi H, Mozafari MR, Bumrungpert A, Parsaei H, Taheri SV, Mardani P, Dehkharghani FM, Pudza MY, Alavi M. Prospects and Challenges of Synergistic Effect of Fluorescent Carbon Dots, Liposomes and Nanoliposomes for Theragnostic Applications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023:103614. [PMID: 37201772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The future of molecular-level therapy, efficient medical diagnosis, and drug delivery relies on the effective theragnostic function which can be achieved by the synergistic effect of fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) liposomes (L) and nanoliposomes. FCDs act as the excipient navigation agent while liposomes play the role of the problem-solving agent, thus the term "theragnostic" would describe the effect of LFCDs properly. Liposomes and FCDs share some excellent at-tributes such as being nontoxic and biodegradable and they can represent a potent delivery system for pharmaceutical compounds. They enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs via stabilizing the encapsulated material by circumventing barriers to cellular and tissue uptake. These agents facilitate long-term drug biodistribution to the intended locations of action while eliminating systemic side effects. This manuscript reviews recent progress with liposomes, nanoliposomes (collectively known as lipid vesicles) and fluorescent carbon dots, by exploring their key characteristics, applications, characterization, performance, and challenges. An extensive and intensive understanding of the synergistic interaction between liposomes and FCDs sets out a new research pathway to an efficient and theragnostic / theranostic drug delivery and targeting diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Faghihi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - M R Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Akkarach Bumrungpert
- Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Natural Products for Health & Anti-Aging, College of Integrative Medicine, Dhurakij Pundit University, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Houman Parsaei
- Student Research Committee and Department of Anatomy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Vahid Taheri
- Student Research Committee and Department of Anatomy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Parisa Mardani
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Farnaz Mahdavi Dehkharghani
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Musa Yahaya Pudza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mehran Alavi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, 6617715175, Iran.
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2
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Phthalocyanine photosensitizers with bathochromic shift, of suitable brightness, capable of producing singlet oxygen with effective efficiency. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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YANIK H, EKİNEKER G. Novel Functional Axially Substituted Silicon (IV) Phthalocyanine Derivative and its Photochemical Properties. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.995902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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4
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Skupin-Mrugalska P, Zalewski T, Elvang PA, Nowaczyk G, Czajkowski M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H. Insight into theranostic nanovesicles prepared by thin lipid hydration and microfluidic method. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111871. [PMID: 34051668 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are phospholipid-based self-assembled nanoparticles. Various components can be solubilized in the lipid bilayer, encapsulated in the aqueous core or attached to the surface, making liposomes attractive platforms for multimodality functionalization. Here we describe theranostic liposomes delivering a magnetic resonance contrast agent (lipid derivative of gadopentetic acid) and a hydrophobic photosensitizer (zinc phthalocyanine, ZnPc) for photodynamic therapy of cancer. For the first time, this theranostic system was prepared by the microfluidic method. Analogous formulations were produced by thin lipid film hydration (TLH) with down-sizing performed by extrusion for comparison purposes. We demonstrated double the loading capacity of ZnPc into liposomes made by microfluidics compared to TLH/extrusion. Microfluidics resulted in the theranostic nanoliposomes characterized by sizes =2.5x smaller than vesicles prepared by TLH/extrusion. Increased relaxivity was observed for liposomes manufactured by microfluidics compared to TLH, despite a slightly lower Gd chelate recovery. We attributed the improved relaxation to the increased surface area/volume ratio of vesicles and decreased phosphatidylcholine/ZnPc molar ratio, which affected water molecules' diffusion through the liposomal membrane. Finally, we showed photodynamic efficacy of ZnPc loaded into theranostic liposomes in head and neck cancer model, resulting in IC50 of 0.22 - 0.61 μM, depending on the formulation and cell line used. We demonstrate microfluidics' feasibility to be used for theranostic liposome manufacturing and co-entrapment of therapeutic and imaging components in a single-step process with a high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Zalewski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Philipp A Elvang
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz Nowaczyk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Czajkowski
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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Synthesis of sulfanyl porphyrazines with bulky peripheral substituents – Evaluation of their photochemical properties and biological activity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Al-Raqa SY, Khezami K, Kaya EN, Durmuş M. A novel water soluble axially substituted silicon(IV) phthalocyanine bearing quaternized 4-(4-pyridinyl)phenol groups: Synthesis, characterization, photophysicochemical properties and BSA/DNA binding behavior. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Ağırtaş MS. Fluorescence properties in different solvents and synthesis of axially substituted silicon phthalocyanine bearing bis-4-tritylphenoxy units. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this present study, a new axially bis-4-tritylphenoxy substituted silicon phthalocyanine compound was synthesized and characterized using infrared, mass, electronic absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fluorescence and absorption spectra studies of the disubstituted silicon phthalocyanine complex were conducted on the chloroform, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and tetrahydrofuran solutions. The findings of the fluorescence studies demonstrated that the compound has fluorescence spectra in the different solvents. The effects of the substitution with axially bis-4-tritylphenoxy functionalized groups on these parameters were also compared with the previously synthesized axially disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines. These results proved that the compound has different fluorescence properties in the different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Salih Ağırtaş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey
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8
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Khezami K, Harmandar K, Bağda E, Bağda E, Şahin G, Karakodak N, Jamoussi B, Durmuş M. The new water soluble zinc(II) phthalocyanines substituted with morpholine groups- synthesis and optical properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NDK, Jovanovic IR, Landress M, Tuz MP, Gao R, Drain CM. Comparing a thioglycosylated chlorin and phthalocyanine as potential theranostic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rabiee N, Yaraki MT, Garakani SM, Garakani SM, Ahmadi S, Lajevardi A, Bagherzadeh M, Rabiee M, Tayebi L, Tahriri M, Hamblin MR. Recent advances in porphyrin-based nanocomposites for effective targeted imaging and therapy. Biomaterials 2020; 232:119707. [PMID: 31874428 PMCID: PMC7008091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are organic compounds that continue to attract much theoretical interest, and have been called the "pigments of life". They have a wide role in photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, along with uses in magnetic resonance, fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. There is a vast range of porphyrins that have been isolated or designed, but few of them have real clinical applications. Due to the hydrophobic properties of porphyrins, and their tendency to aggregate by stacking of the planar molecules they are difficult to work with in aqueous media. Therefore encapsulating them in nanoparticles (NPs) or attachment to various delivery vehicles have been used to improve delivery characteristics. Porphyrins can be used in a composite designed material with properties that allow specific targeting, immune tolerance, extended tissue lifetime and improved hydrophilicity. Drug delivery, healing and repairing of damaged organs, and cancer theranostics are some of the medical uses of porphyrin-based nanocomposites covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | | | | | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aseman Lajevardi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Tahriri
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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Kahriman N, Ünver Y, Akçay HT, Gülmez AD, Durmuş M, Değirmencioğlu İ. Photophysical and photochemical study on novel axially chalcone substituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanines. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of metallophthalocyanine with morpholine containing Schiff base and determination of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Abstract
The photodynamic reaction involves the light-induced generation of an excited state in a photosensitizer molecule (PS), which then results in the formation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of oxygen, or a direct modification of a cellular molecule. Most PSs are porphyrinoids, which are highly lipophilic, and are administered usually in liposomes to facilitate their effective delivery to target cells. The currently available liposomal formulations are Visudyne® and Fospeg®. Novel PSs were developed and tested for their photodynamic activity against cancer cells. Several compounds were highly phototoxic to oral cancer cells both in free and liposome-encapsulated form, with nanomolar IC50 values. The lowest IC50s (7-13 nM) were obtained with a PS encapsulated in cationic liposomes.
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Glowacka-Sobotta A, Wrotynski M, Kryjewski M, Sobotta L, Mielcarek J. Porphyrinoids in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of oral diseases. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461850116x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic methods have found application not only in the treatment process as photodynamic therapy but also for the early detection of neoplastic lesions and tumors as photodynamic diagnosis. Early detection of the disease allows not only to avoid the patient’s lifetime risk but also significantly reduce the costs of anticancer therapy, which are increasing every year. There is a constant search for new and more effective photosensitizers which will provide safety in therapy while maintaining efficiency. This paper summarizes recent reports focused on the photodynamic diagnosis of oral cancers. Moreover, it shows methods of the photodynamic treatment of oral verrucous hyperplasia, erythroleukoplakia, and oral leukoplakia. The treatment of choice for these diseases is a surgical excision, which always leads to scar formation. Photodynamic therapy provides a new scar-less tool for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta
- Department and Clinic of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Wrotynski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Kryjewski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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15
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Schneider L, Larocca M, Wu W, Babu V, Padrutt R, Slyshkina E, König C, Ferrari S, Spingler B. Exocyclically metallated tetrapyridinoporphyrazine as a potential photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2792-2803. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biological evaluations of a potential dual chemotherapeutic photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy based on the first exocyclically platinated tetrapyridinoporphyrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Michele Larocca
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Vipin Babu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Roxane Padrutt
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Christiane König
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
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Piskorz J, Mlynarczyk DT, Szczolko W, Konopka K, Düzgüneş N, Mielcarek J. Liposomal formulations of magnesium sulfanyl tribenzoporphyrazines for the photodynamic therapy of cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 184:34-41. [PMID: 29679798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy of cancer comprises the activation of photosensitizer molecules delivered to cancer cells, to generate reactive oxygen species that mediate cytotoxicity. In this study, previously synthesized dendritic magnesium tribenzoporphyrazines were incorporated into four types of liposomes containing either 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as the zwitterionic lipids. The addition of either l-α-phosphatidyl-dl-glycerol (PG) or 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) imparted a negative or positive charge, respectively. Novel formulations were tested in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (CAL 27, HSC-3) as well as cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa). Positively charged DOTAP:POPC liposomes were the most effective carriers for all tested tribenzoporphyrazines. Calculated IC50 values for DOTAP:POPC liposomes indicated that the incorporation of tribenzoporphyrazines into these liposomes can improve photocytotoxicity up to 50-fold compared to the free forms of macrocycles. Oral cancer cells (CAL 27 and HSC-3) were more sensitive to liposomal photodynamic treatment than HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Piskorz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dariusz T Mlynarczyk
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szczolko
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krystyna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Chełminiak-Dudkiewicz D, Ziegler-Borowska M, Stolarska M, Sobotta L, Falkowski M, Mielcarek J, Goslinski T, Kowalonek J, Węgrzynowska-Drzymalska K, Kaczmarek H. The chitosan - Porphyrazine hybrid materials and their photochemical properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 181:1-13. [PMID: 29482031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Three magnesium sulfanyl porphyrazines differing in the size of peripheral substituents (3,5-dimethoxybenzylsulfanyl, (3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxy)benzylsulfanyl, 3,5-bis[(3,5-bis[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxy)benzyloxy]benzylsulfanyl) were exposed to visible and ultraviolet radiation (UV A + B + C) in order to determine their photochemical properties. The course of photochemical reactions in dimethylformamide solutions and the ability of the systems to generate singlet oxygen were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which additionally gave information on aggregation processes. The porphyrazines were found to be stable upon visible light irradiation conditions, but when exposed to high energy UV radiation, the efficient photodegradation of these macrocycles was observed. Therefore, these three magnesium sulfanyl porphyrazines were incorporated into chitosan matrix. The obtained thin films of chitosan doped with porphyrazines were subjected to polychromatic UV-radiation and studied by spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis, FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Application of chitosan as a polymer matrix for porphyrazines was found to be successful method that effectively stopped the unwelcome degradation of macrocycles, thus worth considering for their photoprotection. In addition, the surface properties of the hybrid material were determined by contact angle measurements and calculation of surface free energy. Intermolecular interactions between these novel porphyrazines and chitosan were detected. The mechanism of photochemical reactions occurring in studied systems has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stolarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Falkowski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kowalonek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Halina Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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