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Body N, Lefebvre C, Eeckhout S, Léonard AS, Troian-Gautier L, Hermans S, Riant O. Structure-Activity Relationship of Benzophenazine Derivatives for Homogeneous and Heterogenized Photooxygenation Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400242. [PMID: 38805006 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is a powerful oxidant used in various applications, such as organic synthesis, medicine, and environmental remediation. Organic and inorganic photosensitizers are commonly used to generate this reactive species through energy transfer with the triplet ground state of oxygen. We describe here a series of novel benzophenazine derivatives as a promising class of photosensitizers for singlet oxygen photosensitization. In this study, we investigated the structure-activity relationship of these benzophenazine derivatives. Akin to a molecular compass, the southern fragment was first functionalized with either aromatic tertiary amines, alkyl tertiary amines, aromatic sulfur groups, alkyl sulfur groups, or cyclic ethers. Enhanced photophysical properties (in terms of triplet excited-state lifetime, absorption wavelength, triplet state energy, and O2 quenching capabilities) were obtained with cyclic ether and sulfur groups. Conversely, the presence of an amine moiety was detrimental to the photocatalysts. The western and northern fragments were also investigated and slightly undesirable to negligible changes in photophysical properties were observed. The most promising candidate was then immobilized on silica nanoparticles and its photoactivity was evaluated in the citronellol photooxidation reaction. A high NMR yield of 97 % in desired product was obtained, with only a slight decrease over several recycling runs (85 % in the fourth run). These results provide insights into the design of efficient photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation and the development of heterogeneous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Body
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Corentin Lefebvre
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sarah Eeckhout
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Léonard
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hermans
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Continuous-Flow Photocatalytic Microfluidic-Reactor for the Treatment of Aqueous Contaminants, Simplicity, and Complexity: A Mini-Review. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Water pollution is a growing global issue; there are many approaches to treating wastewater, including chemical coagulation, physical adsorption, and chemical oxidation. The photocatalysis process has provided a solution for removing pollutants from wastewater, where the pair of the photoelectron and hole works through an asymmetric way to degrade the contaminants under UV irradiation. This method offers an alternative route for treating the pollutant with a lower energy cost, high efficiency, and fewer byproducts. A continuous-flow microfluidic reactor has a channel size from tens to thousands of micrometers, providing uniform irradiation and short diffusion length. It can enhance the conversion efficiency of photocatalysis due to the simple spatial symmetry inside the microreactor channel and among the individual channels. In addition, the bandgap of TiO2, ZnO, or other photocatalyst nanoparticles with symmetric crystal structure can be modified through doping or embedding. In this mini-review, a review of the reported continuous-flow photocatalytic microfluidic reactor is discussed from the perspective of both microreactor design and material engineering.
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Mendoza C, Désert A, Khrouz L, Páez CA, Parola S, Heinrichs B. Heterogeneous singlet oxygen generation: in-operando visible light EPR spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25124-25129. [PMID: 30903479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of photosensitizers immobilized on mesoporous materials to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) has opened a new way to synthetic and environmental applications due to the fast development of flow photochemistry and continuous-flow microreactors. 1O2-based photosensitized processes can be employed for the degradation of organic pollutants in an aqueous medium and the photosensitizer can be covalently attached to the support and separated from the effluent reducing the environmental impact. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the 1O2 generation of Rose Bengal (RB) in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems using in-operando evaluation. Mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles (MSNs) were successfully conjugated with RB (MSN-RB) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with the spin trap TEMP was employed to obtain paramagnetic TEMPO via generated 1O2 when RB or MSN-RB are exposed to visible light. Additionally, EPR/DMPO was used to exclude the possible generation of other reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the functionalized nanoparticles. We found that in situ 1O2 generation was enhanced when the same amount of RB is immobilized inside of mesoporous SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mendoza
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Anthony Désert
- UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364, Lyon, France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364, Lyon, France
| | - Carlos A Páez
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Parola
- UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364, Lyon, France
| | - Benoît Heinrichs
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Mendoza C, Désert A, Chateau D, Monnereau C, Khrouz L, Lerouge F, Andraud C, Monbaliu JCM, Parola S, Heinrichs B. Au nanobipyramids@mSiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles for plasmon-enhanced singlet oxygen photooxygenations in segmented flow microreactors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5280-5287. [PMID: 36132037 PMCID: PMC9416853 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plasmonic features of gold nanomaterials provide intriguing optical effects which can find potential applications in various fields. These effects depend strongly on the size and shape of the metal nanostructures. For instance, Au bipyramids (AuBPs) exhibit intense and well-defined plasmon resonance, easily tunable by controlling their aspect ratio, which can act synergistically with chromophores for enhancing their photophysical properties. In Rose Bengal-nanoparticle systems it is now well established that the control of the dye-to-nanoparticle distance ranging from 10 to 20 nm as well as spectral overlaps is crucial to achieve appropriate coupling between the plasmon resonance and the dye, thus affecting its ability to generate singlet oxygen (1O2). We have developed AuBPs@mSiO2 core-shell nanostructures that provide control over the distance between the metal surface and the photosensitizers for improving the production of 1O2 (metal-enhanced 1O2 production - ME1O2). A drastic enhancement of 1O2 generation is evidenced for the resulting AuBPs and AuBPs@mSiO2 in the presence of Rose Bengal, using a combination of three indirect methods of 1O2 detection, namely in operando Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP) as a chemical trap, photooxygenation of the fluorescence probe anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid (ADPA), and photooxygenation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide in a segmented flow microreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mendoza
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Anthony Désert
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Denis Chateau
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Fréderic Lerouge
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), Research Unit MolSys, University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Stéphane Parola
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie 46 Allée d'Italie Lyon F69364 France
| | - Benoît Heinrichs
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
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Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Ioannou GI, Montagnon T, Kalaitzakis D, Pergantis SA, Vassilikogiannakis G. One-Pot Synthesis of Diverse γ-Lactam Scaffolds Facilitated by a Nebulizer-Based Continuous Flow Photoreactor. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018; 2:860-864. [PMID: 30393758 PMCID: PMC6197048 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of a modified prototype continuous flow reactor (CFR) as a pivotal part of a number of versatile singlet oxygen-mediated reaction sequences is presented herein. These sequences target rapid access to structural complexity and diversity. The prototype reactor achieves high conversions and productivities by attaining large specific surface areas for these biphasic reactions. In the reactor, the reaction solution is nebulized (using either oxygen or air) and the resulting aerosol is irradiated by an LED jacket that surrounds the Pyrex reaction chamber. The one pot procedures developed herein are, according to many different criteria, both highly efficient and green. The key common intermediates and the source of both the complexity and variety of the final products are N-acyl imminium ions (NAI; protonated N-acyl enamines). The initial substrates are simple and readily accessible furans and the diverse array of products is composed of different complex γ-lactams. Many of the products are of particular interest due to their close relationships to known biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CreteVasilika Vouton71003CreteGreece
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Mendoza C, Emmanuel N, Páez CA, Dreesen L, Monbaliu JM, Heinrichs B. Improving Continuous Flow Singlet Oxygen Photooxygenation Reactions with Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mendoza
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE) Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Noémie Emmanuel
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS) Department of Chemistry. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Carlos A. Páez
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE) Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Dreesen
- GRASP-Biophotonics Department of Physics. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS) Department of Chemistry. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Benoît Heinrichs
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE) Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
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Politano F, Oksdath-Mansilla G. Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Politano
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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10
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Pibiri I, Buscemi S, Palumbo Piccionello A, Pace A. Photochemically Produced Singlet Oxygen: Applications and Perspectives. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pibiri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Silvestre Buscemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Antonio Palumbo Piccionello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze per l'Innovazione Tecnologica; Istituto EuroMediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia - IEMEST; Via Michele Miraglia, 20 - 90139 - Palermo Italy
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