Synthesis of tetra-substituted phthalocyanines bearing 2-(ethyl(m-tolyl)amino)ethanol: Computational and photophysicochemical studies

Synthesis, Biological Properties, and Molecular Docking Study of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-8-quinolinol Hybrids

A new series of 1,2,3-triazole-8-quinolinol hybrids were synthesized in good yields using monosubstituted acetonitriles and 5-azidomethyl-8-quinolinol as the starting reagents via a one-step protocol. The structures of 1,2,3-triazole-8-quinolinol hybrids were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Antibacterial activity in vitro of all the synthesized hybrids was investigated against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Xanthomonas fragariae (X. fragariae), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) applying the methods of disk diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). Hybrid 7 exhibited excellent antibacterial capacity, with an MIC value of 10 μg/mL against S. aureus and 20 μg/mL against B. subtilis, E. coli, and X. fragariae, which were comparable to those that of the standard antibiotic nitroxoline. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of 1,2,3-triazole-8-quinolinol hybrids showed that introducing electron-donating substituents in the 1,2,3-triazole ring at the 4-position is important for activity. Quantum chemical calculations have been undertaken to employ the Gaussian software in the B3LYP, HF, and M062X basis sets using 3-21g, 6-31g, and SDD levels to further explain linkages within the antibacterial findings. Furthermore, molecular docking investigations were also conducted to investigate the binding affinities as well as the interactions of some hybrids with the target proteins. An absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) investigation was carried out to scrutinize the viability of employing the 1,2,3-triazole-8-quinolinol hybrids as medicines.

Design, spectroscopic characterization, in silico and in vitro cytotoxic activity assessment of newly synthesized thymol Schiff base derivatives

Cancer is a global public health problem affecting millions of people every year. New anticancer drug candidates are needed to overcome the resistance to drugs used in the treatment of various types of cancer. In this study, two new series of benzenesulfonate-based thymol derivatives (14-19 and 20-25) were synthesized for the first time as promising chemotherapeutic agents and characterized using FT-IR, 1D NMR (1H- and 13C-NMR, APT, DEPT 135), 2D NMR (HETCOR and HMBC), and elemental analysis (CHNS). Antiproliferative activity of the molecules was determined against cancer cell lines, namely, the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (DLD-1), using MTT method for both 48 and 72 h. Compounds (14-25) showed cytotoxic activities against A549 with IC50 values ranging from 9.98 to 81.83 μM, respectively, compared to cisplatin (6.65 μM). These compounds exhibited antiproliferative activities against DLD-1 cancer cells at concentrations ranging from 4.29 to 53.62 μM, respectively, compared to cisplatin (9.91 μM). Especially, compound 16 displayed significant cytotoxicity on A549 and DLD-1 cancer cells with IC50 values of 9.98 and 10.75 μM, respectively. Finally, molecular docking studies were performed with Bcl-2, VEGFR-2, EGFR, and HER2 targets using the Schrödinger 2021-2 Maestro Glide program. The binding energy values and binding interactions of compounds 16 and 22 were determined to be the result of their interactions with these targets. Schrödinger 2021-2 Qikprop wizard drug similarity ratios and ADME prediction of all compounds 14-25 were also calculated.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Design, syntheses, theoretical calculations, MM-GBSA, potential anti-cancer and enzyme activities of novel Schiff base compounds

In this study, new Schiff base compounds (SB-F-OH, SB-Cl-OH and SB-Br-OH) were derived from chalcone-derived amine compounds containing halogen groups and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Also, their phthalonitrile compounds (SB-F-CN, SB-Cl-CN and SB-Br-CN) have been synthesized. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by NMR, FT-IR and Mass spectroscopic methods. The quantum chemical parameters were calculated at B3LYP/6-31++g(d,p), HF/6-31++g(d,p) and M062X/6-31++g(d,p) levels. As the biological application of the synthesized compounds, (i) their inhibition properties of the synthesized compounds on Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) metabolic enzymes were investigated, and their potential anticancer activities against neuroblastoma (NB; SH-SY5Y) and healthy fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cell lines were determined by in vitro assays. All compounds showed inhibition at nanomolar level with the Ki values in the range of 97.86 ± 30.51-516.82 ± 31.42 nM for AChE, 33.21 ± 4.45-78.50 ± 8.91 nM for BChE, respectively. It has been determined that all tested compounds have a remarkable cytotoxic effect against SH-SY5Y, and IC50 values were significantly lower than NIH-3T3 cells. The lowest IC50 value was observed in SB-Cl-OH (7.48 ± 0.86 µM) and SB-Cl-CN (7.31 ± 0.69 µM). The molecular docking of the molecules was also investigated using crystal structure of AChE enzyme protein (PDB ID: 4M0E), crystal structure of BChE protein (PDB ID: 6R6V) and SH-SY5Y cancer protein (PDB ID: 2F3F, 3PBL and 5WIV). The ADME properties of the compounds were investigated. MM/GBSA method is calculated binding free energy. Afterwards, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the some properties of the molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Piperazin incorporated Schiff Base derivatives: Assessment of in vitro biological activities, metabolic enzyme inhibition properties, and molecular docking calculations

The cytotoxic activities of the compounds were determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method in human breast cancer (MCF-7), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and mouse fibroblast (L929) cell lines. The compounds MAAS-5 and four modified the supercoiled tertiary structure of pBR322 plasmid DNA. MAAS-5 showed the highest cytotoxic activity in HeLa, MCF-7, and L929 cells with IC50 values of 16.76 ± 3.22, 28.83 ± 5.61, and 2.18 ± 1.22 µM, respectively. MAAS-3 was found to have almost the lowest cytotoxic activities with the IC50 values of 93.17 ± 9.28, 181.07 ± 11.54, and 16.86 ± 6.42 µM in HeLa, MCF-7, and L929 cells respectively at 24 h. Moreover, the antiepileptic potentials of these compounds were investigated in this study. To this end, the effect of newly synthesized Schiff base derivatives on the enzyme activities of carbonic anhydrase I and II isozymes (human carbonic anhydrase [hCA] I and hCA II) was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The target compounds demonstrated high inhibitory activities compared with standard inhibitors with Ki values in the range of 4.54 ± 0.86-15.46 ± 8.65 nM for hCA I (Ki value for standard inhibitor =  12.08 ± 2.00 nM), 1.09 ± 0.32-29.94 ± 0.82 nM for hCA II (Ki value for standard inhibitor = 18.22 ± 4.90  nM). Finally, the activities of the compounds were compared with the Gaussian programme in the B3lyp, HF, M062X base sets with 6-31++G (d,p) levels. In addition, the activities of five compounds against various breast cancer proteins and hCA I and II were compared with molecular docking calculations. Also, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis was performed to investigate the possibility of using five compounds as drug candidates.

Comparison of sonodynamic, photodynamic and sonophotodynamic therapy activity of fluorinated pyridine substituted silicon phthalocyanines on PC3 prostate cancer cell line

BACKGROUND

Sonophotodynamic therapy (SPDT), a combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), may offer theraputic advantage. The therapeutic effects of sonodynamic, photodynamic, and sonophotodynamic of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thiopyridine substituted silicon phthalocyanine (gy3) and its quaternized derivative (gy3q) were examined in vitro on prostate cancer using PC3 cells.

METHODS

The SDT, PDT and SPDT efficiency was determined by using MTT test.Apoptosis mechanism was evaluated by HOPI staining.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

According to MTT results, the phthalocyanines decreased cell viability when compared with a control group. Also, apoptosis measurement data represents that the phthalocyanines would produce much better therapeutic outcomes compare to PDT and SDT by utilizing SPDT. Further studies should be performed to understand the effectiveness of SPDT.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antibacterial Activity, and Computational Studies of Novel Pyridazinone Derivatives

In this work, a novel series of pyridazinone derivatives (3-17) were synthesized and characterized by NMR (¹H and ¹³C), FT-IR spectroscopies, and ESI-MS methods. All synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (Methicillin-resistant), Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Among the series, compounds 7 and 13 were found to be active against S. aureus (MRSA), P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii with the lowest MIC value range of 3.74-8.92 µM. Afterwards, DFT calculations of B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level were carried out to investigate geometry structures, frontier molecular orbital, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and gap energies of the synthesized compounds. In addition, the activities of these compounds against various bacterial proteins were compared with molecular-docking calculations. Finally, ADMET studies were performed to investigate the possibility of using of the target compounds as drugs.

Synthesis, biological activity and docking calculations of bis-naphthoquinone derivatives from Lawsone

Some metabolic enzyme inhibitors can be used as Multi-target-Directed-Ligands (MTDL) in Medicinal chemistry therefore, synthesis and determination of alternative inhibitors are essential. In this study, novel bis-napthoquinone derivatives (5a-o) were synthesized through a multi-component cascade reaction of two molecules of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with an aromatic aldehyde in basic media using triethylamine as a catalyst. This novel heterocyclic derivatives (5a-o) are applied to inhibit the carbonic anhydrase (hCA I and hCA II) isoform in low levels of nano molecules with Ki values exist between 4.62 ± 1.01 to 70.45 ± 9.03 nM for hCA I and for hCA II which is physiologically dominant K_is values are in the range of 5.61 ± 1.04 to 73.26 ± 10.25 nM. Further these novel derivatives (5a-o) efficiently inhibit AChE with Ki values in the range of 0.13 ± 0.02 to 3.16 ± 0.56 nM. The compounds are also applied for BChE with Ki values varying between 0.50 ± 0.10 to 9.23 ± 1.15 nM. For α-glycosidase, the most efficient Ki values of 5e and 5f are 76.14 ± 9.60 and 95.27 ± 12.55 nM respectively. Finally, molecular docking calculations against enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and the human carbonic anhydrase I and II) are compared using biological activities of heterocyclic derivatives. After these calculations, an ADME/T analysis is performed to study the future medicinal use of heterocyclic derivatives from lawsone.

Promising photodynamic antimicrobial activity of polyimine substituted zinc phthalocyanine and its polycationic derivative when conjugated to nitrogen, sulfur, co-doped graphene quantum dots against Staphylococcus aureus

Antimicrobial resistance is a most important problem facing the treatment of infectious diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is an alternative treatment strategy, considered to be cost-effective and feasible. For this purpose, octa-imine substituted ZnPc (3) have been prepared and conjugated to nitrogen, sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots (N,S-GQDs) through π-π stacking. The photophysical and photochemical properties of Pc alone and and Pc-conjugated to the GQD nanomaterial such as absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence life time, singlet oxygen quantum yields, triplet state quantum yields and exited state lifetimes were investigated in solutions before in vitro cell studies. The PACT activity of prepared structures was investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Our results suggest that the in the case of conjugation of zinc Pc to N,S-GQDs, photodynamic inactivation increased with the 100 % reduction percentage.

Anti-quorum sensing activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 of benzimidazolium salts: electronic, spectral and structural investigations as theoretical approach

Quorum sensing (QS) is a system used in the expression of virulence factors by many pathogenic bacteria, and blockage of the system is seen as a new and effective strategy in combating with resistant bacteria. The inhibition effects of two benzimidazolium salts, namely 1-(2-methylbenzonitrile)-3-benzylbenzimidazolium bromide (2) and 1-(N-methylphthalimide)-3-(4-methylbenzyl)benzimidazolium bromide (3), on quorum sensing-related virulence factors such as pyocyanin, elastase, biofilm formation and swarming motility, which is an opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, were investigated in this study. The results show that the compound 3 has a significant inhibition on biofilm formation with 94%. Furthermore, the compounds 2 and 3 reduced swarming motility by 64-69% as well as pyocyanin production by 49-64% in P. aeruginosa PA01 without preventing bacterial growth in the tested concentrations. HF, B3LYP and M06-2X methods were used with 3-21 g, 6-31 g, sdd basis sets to compare the chemical activity of the compounds. Theoretically, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and Infrared spectra of the compounds were calculated in the HF/6-31++g basis set. The biological activities of the relative compounds were theoretically studied against cancer proteins. Crystal structure of the BRCT repeat region from the breast cancer associated protein, ID: 1JNX, crystal structure of liver cancer protein, ID: 3WZE and crystal structure of lung cancer protein, ID: 5ZMA, were compared. In the docking studies, the best result was obtained with compound 2 against the lung cancer cell with a docking score parameter of -5.85.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Investi̇gati̇on of pyrazoly derivatives schi̇ff base li̇gands and thei̇r metal complexes used as anti-cancer drug

In this study, six pyrazole derivatives containing hetero atoms have been analyzed using theoretical calculation method. The ligands were tested by HF, B3LYP and M06-2X methods using 3-21G, 6-31G, 6-31G(d, p), and sdd basis sets. The results showed that Ligand 5 has a HOMO value of -7.470 at HF / 6-31g (d.p) level. These ligands were investigated in IR, NMR, and UV-VIS spectrum, then experimental values were compared with IR and NMR spectrum data. The solvents, whose effects were investigated in UV-VIS spectrum, were gas phase (ε = 1), toluene (ε = 2.3741), chloroform (ε = 4.7113), methanol (ε = 32.613), water (ε = 78.3553), and n-methylformamide-mixture (ε = 181.56). Metal complexes of tested ligands were produced with copper, nickel, and zinc. Lastly, the interactions between these six pyrazole derivatives and three proteins, namely 3dju, 2IJN, and 1JNX, were also examined. Biological and anti-cancer properties of six pyrazole derivatives were analyzed by DockingServer. In docking calculations, Estimated Free Energy of Binding value of Ligand 5 was found to be -4.87, -4.82, -1.73 respectively, which indicated the highest biological activity.

Optoelectronic parameters of peripherally tetra-substituted copper(ii) phthalocyanines and fabrication of a photoconductive diode for various conditions

In this study, the molecular structure of 4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phthalonitrile (1) has been elucidated and its supra-molecular dynamics have been revealed by the analysis of single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements.

Synthesis of non-peripherally tetra-substituted copper(ii) phthalocyanines: characterization, optical and surface properties, fabrication and photo-electrical properties of a photosensitive diode

This study describes the synthesis and characterization of a non-peripherally tetra-substituted copper(ii) phthalocyanine bearing 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenol groups.