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Khan M. Chemical and Physical Architecture of Macromolecular Gels for Fracturing Fluid Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry; Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects. Gels 2024; 10:338. [PMID: 38786255 PMCID: PMC11121287 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is vital in recovering hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs. It involves injecting a fluid under high pressure into reservoir rock. A significant part of fracturing fluids is the addition of polymers that become gels or gel-like under reservoir conditions. Polymers are employed as viscosifiers and friction reducers to provide proppants in fracturing fluids as a transport medium. There are numerous systems for fracturing fluids based on macromolecules. The employment of natural and man-made linear polymers, and also, to a lesser extent, synthetic hyperbranched polymers, as additives in fracturing fluids in the past one to two decades has shown great promise in enhancing the stability of fracturing fluids under various challenging reservoir conditions. Modern innovations demonstrate the importance of developing chemical structures and properties to improve performance. Key challenges include maintaining viscosity under reservoir conditions and achieving suitable shear-thinning behavior. The physical architecture of macromolecules and novel crosslinking processes are essential in addressing these issues. The effect of macromolecule interactions on reservoir conditions is very critical in regard to efficient fluid qualities and successful fracturing operations. In future, there is the potential for ongoing studies to produce specialized macromolecular solutions for increased efficiency and sustainability in oil and gas applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; ; Tel.: +966-0138601671
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Energy Storage (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals (IRC-CRAC), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Izuagbe AE, Truong VX, Tuten BT, Roesky PW, Barner-Kowollik C. Visible Light Switchable Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan E. Izuagbe
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vinh X. Truong
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
| | - Bryan T. Tuten
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Fluorescence and structural properties of polyvinyl alcohol fibers modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes-hyperbranched poly (phenylalanine-lysine). Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang C, Zhang YM, Li H, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Liu G, Xu X, Liu Y. Synergistic activation of photoswitchable supramolecular assembly based on sulfonated crown ether and dithienylethene derivative. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jankowska J, Martyka M, Michalski M. Photo-cycloreversion mechanism in diarylethenes revisited: A multireference quantum-chemical study at the ODM2/MRCI level. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204305. [PMID: 34241185 DOI: 10.1063/5.0045830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable diarylethenes (DAEs), over years of intense fundamental and applied research, have been established among the most commonly chosen molecular photoswitches, often employed as controlling units in molecular devices and smart materials. At the same time, providing reliable explanation for their photophysical behavior, especially the mechanism of the photo-cycloreversion transformation, turned out to be a highly challenging task. Herein, we investigate this mechanism in detail by means of multireference semi-empirical quantum chemistry calculations, allowing, for the first time, for a balanced treatment of the static and dynamic correlation effects, both playing a crucial role in DAE photochemistry. In the course of our study, we find the second singlet excited state of double electronic-excitation character to be the key to understanding the nature of the photo-cycloreversion transformation in DAE molecular photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jankowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - M Martyka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - M Michalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Wang Y, Ji W, Xu Y, Zou L, Lu H, Sun C. Dispersion and fluorescence properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with hyperbranched poly(phenylalanine-lysine). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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