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Ilakiyalakshmi M, Dhanasekaran K, Napoleon AA. A Review on Recent Development of Phenothiazine-Based Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Sensors for the Detection of Cations, Anions, and Neutral Analytes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:29. [PMID: 39237745 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth examination of recent progress in the development of chemosensors, with a particular emphasis on colorimetric and fluorescent probes. It systematically explores various sensing mechanisms, including metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and elucidates the mechanism of action for cation and anion chemosensors. Special attention is given to phenothiazine-based fluorescence probes, highlighting their exceptional sensitivity and rapid detection abilities for a broad spectrum of analytes, including cations, anions, and small molecules. Phenothiazine chemosensors have emerged as versatile tools widely employed in a multitude of applications, spanning environmental and biomedical fields. Furthermore, it addresses existing challenges and offers insights into future research directions, aiming to facilitate the continued advancement of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Ilakiyalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Kumudhavalli Dhanasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ayyakannu Arumugam Napoleon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Kumar S, Arora A, Sapra S, Kumar R, Singh BK, Singh SK. Recent advances in the synthesis and utility of thiazoline and its derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:902-953. [PMID: 38174252 PMCID: PMC10759189 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Thiazolines and their derivatives hold significant importance in the field of medicinal chemistry due to their promising potential as pharmaceutical agents. These molecular entities serve as critical scaffolds within numerous natural products, including curacin A, thiangazole, and mirabazole, and play a vital role in a wide array of physiological reactions. Their pharmacological versatility encompasses anti-HIV, neurological, anti-cancer, and antibiotic activities. Over the course of recent decades, researchers have extensively explored and developed analogs of these compounds, uncovering compelling therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Consequently, thiazoline-based compounds have emerged as noteworthy targets for synthetic endeavors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in the synthesis of thiazolines and thiazoline-based derivatives, along with an exploration of their diverse potential applications across various scientific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
| | - Aditi Arora
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
| | - Shivani Sapra
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R. D. S College, B. R. A. Bihar University Muzaffarpur 842002 India
| | - Brajendra K Singh
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
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Alahmdi MI. Development of a push-π-pull phenothiazine-vinyl-isophorone fluorophore: a novel solvatochromic and pH indicator. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:372-378. [PMID: 36735840 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Knoevenagel condensation of phenothiazine-3,7-dicarbaldehyde with an isophorone yielded a new phenothiazine derivative (PTZ-c) fluorophore. The solvatochromic and pH-sensing abilities of PTZ-c, an asymmetric fluorophore with a single isophorone molecule, were shown to be exceptional. PTZ-c produced very delicate absorbance and emission spectra. When the polarity of the solvent was increased, the PTZ-c emission spectra showed greater sensitivity than the absorption spectra. Multiple spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry, were used to characterize the manufactured PTZ-c sensor. To demonstrate the beneficial solvatochromic behaviour associated with intramolecular charge transfer, the absorption spectra of the synthesized DA PTZ-c dye were analyzed in different solvents of varying polarity. Band intensity and the wavelength of PTZ-c emission were also found to be highly solvent dependent. It was observed that when solvent polarity was increased to a maximum of 4122 cm-1 , Stokes' shift also increased. To analyze the Stokes' shift that depended on the solvent, a linear correlation between solvation and energy was used. An investigation of PTZ-c quantum yield (ф) was also conducted. Both the absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the sensor in dimethylformamide as a function of pH were studied. A fluorescence peak was seen at 562 nm, whereas the greatest absorption wavelengths were found at 403 and 317 nm. It was shown that the pH-sensing mechanism depended on protons removed from the PTZ-c chromophore, which caused a colour shift and variation in both emission and colorimetric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Issa Alahmdi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Devadiga D, Ahipa TN. Protonation induced redshift in the fluorescence of a pyridine derivative as a potential anti-counterfeiting agent. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8008-8016. [PMID: 36222182 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01151d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple pyridine-based compound, i.e. (2,4,6-tris(4-(hexyloxy)phenyl)pyridine), was synthesized and exhibited excellent solubility in various organic solvents owing to the presence of three 4-n-hexyloxy chains in its molecular structure. Further, we studied the effect of various solvents on its absorption and emission properties. We observed a greater extent of redshift in the chloroform solvent compared to the rest of the solvents. In fact, the observed redshift was attributed to protonation of the pyridine moiety by HCl (present due to the oxidative photo-decomposition of chloroform) in the solvent. Therefore, we also studied the acidochromic properties of the compound using acetic acid (AA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). We found that the compound sensed the HCl vapor much more efficiently than the TFA and AA vapours. Additionally, DFT analysis suggested a narrow theoretical bandgap for the protonated molecule when compared to the neutral molecule, explaining the redshift in the absorption and emission spectra of the protonated molecule. Furthermore, the compound exhibited a good level of aggregation induced enhanced emission (AIEE) in the THF-water system. In fact, compounds showing both AIEE and acidochromism are rarely reported in the literature. Finally, we employed it as an anti-counterfeiting agent based on its acid-base vapour sensing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Devadiga
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India.
| | - T N Ahipa
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India.
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Maroń AM, Cannelli O, Socie EC, Lodowski P, Machura B. Push-Pull Effect of Terpyridine Substituted by Triphenylamine Motive—Impact of Viscosity, Polarity and Protonation on Molecular Optical Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207071. [PMID: 36296665 PMCID: PMC9606908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of an electron-donating triphenylamine motive into a 2,2′,6′,2′′-terpyridine (terpy) moiety, a cornerstone molecular unit in coordination chemistry, opens new ways for a rational design of photophysical properties of organic and inorganic compounds. A push-pull compound, 4′-(4-(di(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine)phenyl)-2,2′,6′,2′′-terpyridine (tBuTPAterpy), was thoroughly investigated with the use of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Our results demonstrate that solvent parameters have an enormous influence on the optical properties of this molecule, acting as knobs for external control of its photophysics. The Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) process introduces a remarkable solvent polarity effect on the emission spectra without affecting the lowest absorption band, as confirmed by DFT simulations, including solvation effects. The calculations ascribe the lowest absorption transitions to two singlet ICT excited states, S1 and S2, with S1 having several orders of magnitude higher oscillator strength than the “dark” S2 state. Temperature and viscosity investigations suggest the existence of two emitting excited states with different structural conformations. The phosphorescence emission band observed at 77 K is assigned to a localized 3terpy state. Finally, protonation studies show that tBuTPAterpy undergoes a reversible process, making it a promising probe of the pH level in the context of acidity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (O.C.)
| | - Oliviero Cannelli
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy (LSU), Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (O.C.)
| | - Etienne Christophe Socie
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Lodowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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Lu X, Zhan Y, He W. Recent development of small-molecule fluorescent probes based on phenothiazine and its derivates. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112528. [PMID: 35907277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence probes, as analytical tools with the ability to perform rapid and sensitive detection of target analytes, have made outstanding contributions to environmental analysis and bioassays. Considering the expanding developments in these areas, fluorophores play a key role in the de-sign of fluorescence probes. Compared to classical fluorophores, phenothiazines with elec-tron-rich characteristics have been widely applied to construct electron donor-acceptor dyes, which exhibit outstanding performance in both fluorimetric and colorimetric analysis. In addition, these probes also exhibit the pronounced ability in both solution and solid-state, achieving portable detection for environmental analysis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the performance of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes for detecting various analytes, especially in cations, anions, ROS/RSS, enzyme and other small molecules. The general design rules, response mechanisms and practical applications of the probes are analyzed, followed by a discussion of exiting challenges and future research perspectives. It is hoped that this review will provide a few strategies for the development of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Sharma H, Kakkar R, Bishnoi S, Daisy Milton M. Synthesis of acceptor-donor-acceptor based phenothiazine-5-oxide aldehydes displaying large Stokes shift- “on-off-on” acidofluorochromic switch and molecular logic gate operation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gupta S, Milton MD. Novel Y-shaped AIEE-TICT active π-extended quinoxalines-based donor–acceptor molecules displaying acidofluorochromism and temperature dependent emission. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sachdeva T, Milton MD. Novel push-pull based phenothiazine-benzothiazole derivatives integrated with molecular logic gate operation for reversible volatile acid detection. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Smart materials displaying changes in color and optical properties in response
to acid stimuli are known as acidochromic materials. The recent progress and emerging
trends in the field of smart organic materials with acidochromic properties, reported in the
last seven years, are presented herein. The molecular design of acidochromic organic materials,
the origin of the chromic and fluorochromic response to acid stimuli, and related
mechanisms are also discussed. Materials and systems covered in the review are divided
according to the presence of basic moiety undergoing reversible protonation/
deprotonation, such as pyridine, quinoline, quinoxaline, azole, amine derivatives, etc.,
in the molecules. Many donor-acceptor molecules displaying acidochromic behavior are
cited. Alterations in visual color change and optical properties supporting acidochromism
are discussed for each example. Mechanistic studies based on the theoretical calculations,
single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and powder pattern diffraction analysis are also discussed here. The
application of these acidochromic molecules as acid-base switches, sensor films, self-erasable and rewritable
media, data security inks, data encryption, molecular logic gates, etc., are also reported. Thus, this review article
aims at giving an insight into the design, characterization, mechanism, and applications of organic acidochromic
materials, which will guide the researchers in designing and fine-tuning new acidochromic materials
for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisha Sachdeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Shalu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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