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Jang Y, Sekaran B, Singh PP, Misra R, D'Souza F. Accelerated Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Tetracyanobutadiene- and Expanded Tetracyanobutadiene-Incorporated Asymmetric Triphenylamine-Quinoxaline Push-Pull Conjugates. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4455-4462. [PMID: 37192382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The excited-state properties of an asymmetric triphenylamine-quinoxaline push-pull system wherein triphenylamine and quinoxaline take up the roles of an electron donor and acceptor, respectively, are initially investigated. Further, in order to improve the push-pull effect, powerful electron acceptors, viz., 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded tetracyanobutadiene (also known as expanded-TCBD or exTCBD), have been introduced into the triphenylamine-quinoxaline molecular framework using a catalyst-free [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction. The presence of these electron acceptors caused strong ground-state polarization extending the absorption well into the near-IR region accompanied by strong fluorescence quenching due to intramolecular charge transfer (CT). Systematic studies were performed using a suite of spectral, electrochemical, computational, and pump-probe spectroscopic techniques to unravel the intramolecular CT mechanism and to probe the role of TCBD and exTCBD in promoting excited-state CT and separation events. Faster CT in exTCBD-derived compared to that in TCBD-derived push-pull systems has been witnessed in polar benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Prabal P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, NH-2, Delhi-Mathura highways, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 282004, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Liu W, Li H, Huo Y, Yao Q, Duan W. Recent Progress in Research on [2.2]Paracyclophane-Based Dyes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072891. [PMID: 37049653 PMCID: PMC10095835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the [2.2]paracyclophane (PCP) ring has attracted extensive attention due to its features of providing not only chirality and electron-donating ability but also steric hindrance, which reduces intermolecular π-π stacking interactions and thereby improves the fluorescence properties of dyes. To date, some circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)-active small organic molecules based on the PCP skeleton have been reviewed; however, the application of the PCP ring in improving the photophysical properties of fluorescent dyes is still limited, and new molecular design strategies are still required. This review summarizes and promotes the application of PCP in fluorescent dye design, fluorescence detection, and CPL modulation. We expect that this review will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the PCP skeleton and lead to further improvement in fluorescent dye design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Huabin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
- Shandong Xinfa Ruijie New Material Co. Ltd., Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanmin Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Qingxia Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Wenzeng Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Petrucci AN, Cousins ME, Liptak MD. Beyond "Mega": Origin of the "Giga" Stokes Shift for Triazolopyridiniums. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6997-7005. [PMID: 36062309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, fluorophores that exhibit "mega" Stokes shifts, defined to be Stokes shifts of greater than 100 nm, have gained considerable attention due to their potential technological applications. A subset of these fluorophores have Stokes shifts of at least 10,000 cm-1, for whom we suggest the moniker "giga" Stokes shift. The majority of "giga" Stokes shifts reported in the literature arise from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer mechanism, but this mechanism does not fit empirical characterization of triazolopyridinium (TOP). This observation inspired a density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT study of TOP, and several related fluorophores, to elucidate the novel photophysical origin for the "giga" Stokes shift of TOP. The resulting computational models revealed that photoexcitation of TOP yields a zwitterionic excited state that undergoes significant structural relaxation prior to emission. Most notably, TOP has two orthogonal moieties in the ground state that adopt a coplanar geometry in the excited state. According to Hückel's rule, both the heterocycle and phenyl moieties of TOP should be aromatic in an orthogonal ground state. However, according to Baird's rule, these individual moieties should be anti-aromatic in the excited state. By relaxing to a coplanar conformation in the excited state, TOP likely forms a single aromatic system consisting of both the heterocycle and phenyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Petrucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Morgan E Cousins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Matthew D Liptak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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Verbitskiy EV, le Poul P, Bureš F, Achelle S, Barsella A, Kvashnin YA, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN. Push-Pull Derivatives Based on 2,4'-Biphenylene Linker with Quinoxaline, [1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4- B]Pyrazine and [1,2,5]Thiadiazolo[3,4- B]Pyrazine Electron Withdrawing Parts. Molecules 2022; 27:4250. [PMID: 35807494 PMCID: PMC9268487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel V-shaped quinoxaline, [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine and [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine push-pull derivatives with 2,4'-biphenylene linker were designed and their electrochemical, photophysical and nonlinear optical properties were investigated. [1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine is the stronger electron-withdrawing fragment as shown by electrochemical, and photophysical data. All compounds are emissive in a solid-state (from the cyan to red region of the spectrum) and quinoxaline derivatives are emissions in DCM solution. It has been found that quinoxaline derivatives demonstrate important solvatochromism and extra-large Stokes shifts, characteristic of twisted intramolecular charge transfer excited state as well as aggregation induced emission. The experimental conclusions have been justified by theoretical (TD-)DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor V. Verbitskiy
- I. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.A.K.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Pascal le Poul
- University Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes—UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studenská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvain Achelle
- University Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes—UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Alberto Barsella
- Département d’Optique Ultrarapide et Nanophotonique, IPCMS, UMR CNRS 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, CEDEX 2, 67034 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Yuriy A. Kvashnin
- I. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.A.K.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
| | - Gennady L. Rusinov
- I. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.A.K.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- I. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.A.K.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Islamova LN, Kalinin AA, Gaisin AI, Fazleeva GM, Shmelev AG, Sharipova SM, Shalin NI, Mukhtarov AS, Vakhonina TA, Fominykh OD, Yu. Balakina M. The Effect Of The Additional Phenyl Moiety On The Linear And Quadratic Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Chromophores With Vinyl-Quinoxalinone-Vinyl Π-Bridge. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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