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Lopez-Larrea N, Gallastegui A, Lezama L, Criado-Gonzalez M, Casado N, Mecerreyes D. Fast Visible-Light 3D Printing of Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300229. [PMID: 37357826 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional inks for light-based 3D printing are actively being searched for being able to exploit all the potentialities of additive manufacturing. Herein, a fast visible-light photopolymerization process is showed of conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. For this purpose, a new Type II photoinitiator system (PIS) based on riboflavin (Rf), triethanolamine (TEA), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated for the visible light photopolymerization of acrylic monomers. PEDOT:PSS has a dual role by accelerating the photoinitiation process and providing conductivity to the obtained hydrogels. Using this PIS, full monomer conversion is achieved in less than 2 min using visible light. First, the PIS mechanism is studied, proposing that electron transfer between the triplet excited state of the dye (3 Rf*) and the amine (TEA) is catalyzed by PEDOT:PSS. Second, a series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels with different compositions are obtained by photopolymerization. The presence of PEDOT:PSS negatively influences the swelling properties of hydrogels, but significantly increases its mechanical modulus and electrical properties. The new PIS is also tested for 3D printing in a commercially available Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer (405 nm wavelength), obtaining high resolution and 500 µm hole size conductive scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Luis Lezama
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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Dumur F. Recent Advances in Monocomponent Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Sulfonium Salts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4202. [PMID: 37959882 PMCID: PMC10649563 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, multicomponent photoinitiating systems have been the focus of intense research efforts, especially for the design of visible light photoinitiating systems. Although highly reactive three-component and even four-component photoinitiating systems have been designed, the complexity to elaborate such mixtures has incited researchers to design monocomponent Type II photoinitiators. Using this approach, the photosensitizer and the radical/cation generator can be combined within a unique molecule, greatly simplifying the elaboration of the photocurable resins. In this field, sulfonium salts are remarkable photoinitiators but these structures lack absorption in the visible range. Over the years, various structural modifications have been carried out in order to redshift their absorptions in the visible region. In this work, an overview of the different sulfonium salts activable under visible light and reported to date is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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Dumur F. Recent advances on water-soluble photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Substituent effect on the visible light initiating ability of chalcones. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Dumur F. Recent Advances on Photoinitiating Systems Designed for Solar Photocrosslinking Polymerization Reactions. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Dumur F. Recent Advances on Anthraquinone-based Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Dumur F. The Future of Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization for Photocrosslinking Applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Recent Advances on Photobleachable Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dumur F. Recent advances on benzylidene cyclopentanones as visible light photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wu Q, Yang G, Guo J, Li F, Deng M. N
‐(9‐Oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl) acrylamide as a Versatile Photoinitiator for Photopolymerization. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 PR China
| | - Guiqin Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 PR China
| | - Jingdong Guo
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 PR China
| | - Fushao Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 PR China
| | - Mingsen Deng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 PR China
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Liu Z, Dumur F. Recent Advances on Visible Light Coumarin-based Oxime Esters as Initiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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