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Salama E, Mensah K, ElKady M, Shokry H, Samy M. Effective degradation of tetracycline via persulfate activation using silica-supported zero-valent iron: process optimization, mechanism, degradation pathways and water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87449-87464. [PMID: 37420158 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Pure zero-valent iron (ZVI) was supported on silica and starch to enhance the activation of persulfate (PS) for tetracycline degradation. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic methods to assess their physical and chemical properties. High tetracycline removal (67.55%) occurred using silica modified ZVI (ZVI-Si)/PS system due to the improved hydrophilicity and colloidal stability of ZVI-Si. Incorporating light into the ZVI-Si/PS system improved the degradation performance by 9.45%. Efficient degradation efficiencies were recorded at pH 3-7. The optimum operating parameters determined by the response surface methodology were PS concentration of 0.22 mM, initial tetracycline concentration of 10 mg/L, and ZVI-Si dose of 0.46 g/L, respectively. The rate of tetracycline degradation declined with increasing tetracycline concentration. The degradation efficiencies of tetracycline were 77%, 76.4%, 75.7%, 74.5%, and 73.75% in five repetitive runs at pH 7, 20 mg/L tetracycline concentration, 0.5 g/L ZVI-Si dose, and 0.1 mM PS concentration. The degradation mechanism was explained, and sulfate radicals were the principal reactive oxygen species. The degradation pathway was proposed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Tetracycline degradation was favorable in distilled and tap water. The ubiquitous presence of inorganic ions and dissolved organic matter in the lake, drain, and seawater matrices interfered with the tetracycline degradation. The high reactivity, degradation performance, stability, and reusability of ZVI-Si substantiate the potential practical application of this material for the degradation of real industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Salama
- Environment and Natural Materials Research Institute (ENMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Kenneth Mensah
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Marwa ElKady
- Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hassan Shokry
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
- Electronic Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Samy
- Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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