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Alzahrani AYA, Khan KO, Rafique S, Irshad H, Khan AM, Shahzad SA. Theoretical and experimental studies on mechanochromic triphenylamine based fluorescent "ON-OFF-ON" sensor for sequential detection of Fe 3+ and deferasirox. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 297:122745. [PMID: 37084683 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel triphenylamine (TPA) based sensor TTU was rationally designed and synthesized that exhibited reversible mechanochromic and aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties. The AIEE active sensor was employed for fluorometric detection of Fe3+ in aqueous medium, with distinguished selectivity. The sensor showed a highly selective quenching response towards Fe3+ that is ascribed to complex formation with paramagnetic Fe3+. Subsequently, TTU-Fe3+ complex acted as a fluorescence sensor for the detection of deferasirox (DFX). The subsequent addition of DFX to TTU-Fe3+ complex led to the recovery of fluorescence emission intensity of sensor TTU that was attributed to the displacement of Fe3+ by DFX and release of sensor TTU. The proposed sensing mechanisms for Fe3+ and DFX was confirmed through 1H NMR titration experiment and DFT calculations. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), density of states (DOS), natural bond orbital (NBO), non-covalent interaction (NCI) and electron density difference (EDD) analysis were performed using DFT calculations to support the experimental results. Moreover, sensor TTU displayed colorimetric detection of Fe3+. Further, the sensor was employed for the detection of Fe3+ and DFX in real water samples. Finally, logic gate was fabricated by using sequential detection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khanzadi Omama Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Assiri MA, Waseem MT, Hamad A, Imran M, Farooq U, Shahzad SA. Ratiometric and colorimetric probes with large stokes shift for sensing of exogenous hypochlorite in potato sprouts and industrial effluents. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122298. [PMID: 36603278 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the important reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite ions (ClO-) are involved in the control of several pathological and physiological processes. However, overexpression of ClO- may prompt several disorders including cancer. Therefore, two fluorescein functionalized compounds with catechol (probe 1) and 2-naphthyl (probe 2) as substituents were synthesized through Schiff base reaction to recognize ClO- in food items and industrial samples. While probe 2 exhibited turn-off fluorescent response towards ClO- with limit of detection (LOD) of 86.7 nM, structurally alike probe 1 showed excellent ratiometric response with low detection limit (36.3 nM), large Stokes shift (353 nm), and 'fast' response time (15 s). 1H NMR titration experiments favored spiroring opening of probe 1 upon the reaction with ClO-. Probe 1 was successfully utilized for the monitoring of exogenous ClO- in industrial samples. Further, fabrication of probe coated fluorescent paper strips and recognition of ClO- in sprouting potato show diverse practical applicability of our probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Assiri
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tahir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asad Hamad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grand Asian University Sialkot, 51310 Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Irshad H, Rafique S, Khan AM, Nawazish S, Rehman HU, Imran M, Shahzad SA, Farooq U. AIEE active J-aggregates of naphthalimide based fluorescent probe for detection of Nitrobenzene: Combined experimental and theoretical approaches for Non-covalent interaction analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122273. [PMID: 36584641 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe NS with exceptional J-aggregates based aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties was rationally synthesized through a single-step imidation reaction. Probe NS exhibited excellent AIEE properties in aqueous media through the formation of J-aggregates with remarkable red-shift. The AIEE active probe NS was used for selective and sensitive detection of nitrobenzene (NB) based on fluorescence quenching response. Formation of J-aggregates was assessed through fluorescence titration. These J-aggregates contributed significantly to produce favorable interaction between probe NS and NB. The highly selective fluorescence detection of NB was accredited to the adjustable smaller size of NB that can easily penetrate into interstitial spaces of probe molecules. Ability of sensor to detect NB in solid state was also accomplished through solid state fluorescence spectroscopy. Nature of interaction and sensitivity of probe NS for NB has also been investigated through 1H NMR titration and density functional theory (DFT) including non-covalent interaction (NCI), quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM), electron density differences (EDD), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) and density of states (DOS) analysis. Advantageously, probe exhibited colorimetric and vapor phase detection of NB. Moreover, probe was quite sensitive for the trace detection of NB in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shamyla Nawazish
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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AIEE active fluorophores for the sensitive detection of iron ions: An advanced approach towards optical and theoretical investigation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shekhovtsov NA, Nikolaenkova EB, Ryadun AA, Samsonenko DG, Tikhonov AY, Bushuev MB. ESIPT-Capable 4-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1 H-Imidazoles with Single and Double Proton Transfer: Synthesis, Selective Reduction of the Imidazolic OH Group and Luminescence. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041793. [PMID: 36838780 PMCID: PMC9962989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
1H-Imidazole derivatives establish one of the iconic classes of ESIPT-capable compounds (ESIPT = excited state intramolecular proton transfer). This work presents the synthesis of 1-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazole (LOH,OH) as the first example of ESIPT-capable imidazole derivatives wherein the imidazole moiety simultaneously acts as a proton acceptor and a proton donor. The reaction of LOH,OH with chloroacetone leads to the selective reduction of the imidazolic OH group (whereas the phenolic OH group remains unaffected) and to the isolation of 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazole (LH,OH), a monohydroxy congener of LOH,OH. Both LOH,OH and LH,OH demonstrate luminescence in the solid state. The number of OH···N proton transfer sites in these compounds (one for LH,OH and two for LOH,OH) strongly affects the luminescence mechanism and color of the emission: LH,OH emits in the light green region, whereas LOH,OH luminesces in the orange region. According to joint experimental and theoretical studies, the main emission pathway of both compounds is associated with T1 → S0 phosphorescence and not related to ESIPT. At the same time, LOH,OH also exhibits S1 → S0 fluorescence associated with ESIPT with one proton transferred from the hydroxyimidazole moiety to the pyridine moiety, which is not possible for LH,OH due to the absence of the hydroxy group in the imidazole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Shekhovtsov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.A.S.); (A.Y.T.); (M.B.B.)
| | - Elena B. Nikolaenkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Ryadun
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Denis G. Samsonenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexsei Ya. Tikhonov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.A.S.); (A.Y.T.); (M.B.B.)
| | - Mark B. Bushuev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.A.S.); (A.Y.T.); (M.B.B.)
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Assiri MA, Junaid HM, Waseem MT, Hamad A, Shah SH, Iqbal J, Rauf W, Shahzad SA. AIEE active sensors for fluorescence enhancement based detection of Ni2+ in living cells: Mechanofluorochromic and photochromic properties with reversible sensing of acid and base. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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AIEE Active Stilbene Based Fluorescent Sensor with Red-Shifted Emission for Vapor Phase Detection of Nitrobenzene and Moisture Sensing. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Shekhovtsov NA, Nikolaenkova EB, Berezin AS, Plyusnin VF, Vinogradova KA, Naumov DY, Pervukhina NV, Tikhonov AY, Bushuev MB. Tuning ESIPT-coupled luminescence by expanding π-conjugation of a proton acceptor moiety in ESIPT-capable zinc(II) complexes with 1-hydroxy-1 H-imidazole-based ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15166-15188. [PMID: 36129344 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emission of ESIPT-fluorophores is known to be sensitive to various external and internal stimuli and can be fine-tuned through substitution in the proton-donating and proton-accepting groups. The incorporation of metal ions in the molecules of ESIPT fluorophores without their deprotonation is an emerging area of research in coordination chemistry which provides chemists with a new factor affecting the ESIPT reaction and ESIPT-coupled luminescence. In this paper we present 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazole (HLq) as a new ESIPT-capable ligand. Due to the spatial separation of metal binding and ESIPT sites this ligand can coordinate metal ions without being deprotonated. The reactions of ZnHal2 with HLq afford ESIPT-capable [Zn(HLq)Hal2] (Hal = Cl, Br, I) complexes. In the solid state HLq and [Zn(HLq)Hal2] luminesce in the orange region (λmax = 600-650 nm). The coordination of HLq by Zn2+ ions leads to the increase in the photoluminescence quantum yield due to the chelation-enhanced fluorescence effect. The ESIPT process is barrierless in the S1 state, leading to the only possible fluorescence channel in the tautomeric form (T), S1T → S0T. The emission of [Zn(HLq)Hal2] in the solid state is blue-shifted as compared with HLq due to the stabilization of the ground state and destabilization of the excited state. In CH2Cl2 solutions, the compounds demonstrate dual emission in the UV (λmax = 358 nm) and green (λmax = 530 nm) regions. This dual emission is associated with two radiative deactivation channels in the normal (N) and tautomeric (T) forms, S1N → S0N and S1T → S0T, originating from two minima on the excited state potential energy surfaces. High energy barriers for the GSIPT process allow the trapping of molecules in the minimum of the tautomeric form, S0T, resulting in the possibility of the S0T → S1T photoexcitation and extraordinarily small Stokes shifts in the solid state. Finally, the π-system of quinolin-2-yl group facilitates the delocalization of the positive charge in the proton-accepting part of the molecule and promotes the ESIPT reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Shekhovtsov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Elena B Nikolaenkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey S Berezin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Victor F Plyusnin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Institutskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Katerina A Vinogradova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Yu Naumov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Pervukhina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Alexsei Ya Tikhonov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mark B Bushuev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Majeed S, Waseem MT, Khan GS, Junaid HM, Imran M, Nawazish S, Khan TA, Mahmood T, Shahzad SA. Development of AIEE active fluorescent and colorimetric probe for the solid, solution, and vapor phase detection of cyanide: smartphone and food applications. Analyst 2022; 147:3885-3893. [PMID: 35894823 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apart from environmental implications, the extreme toxicity of cyanide can lead to sudden human death upon prolonged exposure to it. Hence, rapid and low-level on-site detection of cyanide has earned paramount significance in the present era. Therefore, an AIEE active and piezofluorochromic Schiff base (probe 2) was synthesized which exhibited highly selective fluorescence enhancement based nanoscale (LOD; 6.17 nM) detection of CN-. The interaction mode was attributed to the deprotonation of the probe by the cyanide that was confirmed through 1H NMR titration, pH, theoretical studies, and switchable fluorescence response upon the addition of HCl. Advantageously, probe 2 displayed solid and vapor phase recognition of cyanide which is the first of its kind as far as we know. The excellent sensing potential of the probe was satisfactorily applied for the detection of cyanide in food, natural soil, and industrial wastewater. Additionally, probe 2 showed an immediate colorimetric response towards cyanide which was favorably integrated through a smartphone. Finally, the switchable fluorescence response of the probe was used to design an INHIBIT logic gate. Therefore, the multifunctional probe 2 displayed excellent practical potential for cyanide detection which was the ultimate goal of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tahir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Gul Shahzada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamyla Nawazish
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tausif Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Majeed S, Waseem MT, Junaid HM, Khan GS, Nawazish S, Mahmood T, Khan AM, Shahzad SA. Aggregation induced emission based fluorenes as dual-channel fluorescent probes for rapid detection of cyanide: applications of smartphones and logic gates. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18897-18910. [PMID: 35873344 PMCID: PMC9241151 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational modification of molecular structure by incorporating electron donating groups can play a potential role for designing aggregation induced emission (AIE) active fluorescent probes. Based on this principle, fluorescent probes (1a–c) were synthesized, and they displayed excellent aggregation induced emission (AIE) behavior in a H2O/DMF (4 : 1, v/v) mixture due to restrictions in intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). As a comparison, probe 1d was synthesized by installing an electron withdrawing (–NO2) group that surprisingly quenched the aggregation behaviour. Additionally, AIE active probes 1a–c displayed a highly sensitive dual channel (fluorometric and colorimetric) response towards rapid detection of CN−, which is an active toxic material. Probes 1a–c showed selectively enhanced fluorescence emission behavior towards CN− with detection limits of 1.34 ppb, 1.38 ppb, and 1.54 ppb, respectively. The sensing mechanism involves Michael type adduct formation due to the nucleophilic addition reaction of cyanide with probes and was confirmed through 1H NMR titration experiments. In contrast, probe 1d containing an electron withdrawing moiety showed insensitivity towards CN−. Therefore, this study provides the efficient strategy to induce AIE character in fluorescent probes and expands the mechanistic approach toward the sensing of toxic CN−. Rational modification of molecular structure by incorporating electron donating groups can play a potential role for designing aggregation induced emission (AIE) active fluorescent probes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus University Road Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus University Road Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus University Road Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Gul Shahzada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain Sakhir 32038 Bahrain
| | - Shamyla Nawazish
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus University Road Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain Sakhir 32038 Bahrain
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus University Road Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus University Road Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
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