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Characterization of microminipig as a laboratory animal for safety pharmacology study by analyzing fluvoxamine-induced cardiovascular and dermatological adverse reactions. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:412-421. [PMID: 30734885 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, of which IC50 values for serotonin- and noradrenaline-uptake process were reported to be 3.8 and 620 nmol/L, respectively, also known to directly inhibit cardiac Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels. We characterized microminipig as a laboratory animal by analyzing fluvoxamine-induced cardiovascular and dermatological responses under halothane anesthesia. Fluvoxamine maleate was infused in doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg over 10 min with a pause of 20 min (n = 4). The peak plasma concentrations were 35, 320, and 1906 ng/mL, of which free plasma concentrations were estimated as 20, 187, and 1108 nmol/L, respectively. The low and middle doses did not alter any cardiovascular variable. The high dose increased heart rate and mean blood pressure, prolonged QRS width, but shortened QT interval, whereas no significant change was detected in PR interval or QTcF. Moreover, it induced systemic erythema on the skin. Pretreatment of H1/5-HT2A antagonist cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg significantly attenuated the fluvoxamine-induced pressor response; but tended to further enhance sinus automaticity, atrioventricular nodal conduction; and ventricular repolarization in addition to intraventricular conduction delay; whereas it markedly suppressed onset of systemic erythema (n = 4). In microminipigs, cardiovascular adverse effects of the high dose may be manifested as a sum of its inhibitory action on the cardiac ionic channels and its stimulatory effects on serotonergic and adrenergic systems, whereas dermatologic reaction can be induced primarily through H1/5-HT2A receptor-dependent mechanism. Thus, microminipigs may be used for analyzing such multifarious adverse events of clinical serotonergic pharmacotherapy.
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Koshman YE, Wilsey AS, Bird BM, Endemann AL, Sadilek S, Treadway J, Martin RL, Polakowski JS, Gintant GA, Mittelstadt SW. Drug-induced QT prolongation: Concordance of preclinical anesthetized canine model in relation to published clinical observations for ten CiPA drugs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 103:106871. [PMID: 32360993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Comprehensive In Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative differentiates torsadogenic risk of 28 drugs affecting ventricular repolarization based on multiple in vitro human derived ionic currents. However, a standardized prospective assessment of the electrophysiologic effects of these drugs in an integrated in vivo preclinical cardiovascular model is lacking. This study questioned whether QTc interval prolongation in a preclinical in vivo model could detect clinically reported QTc prolongation and assign torsadogenic risk for ten CiPA drugs. METHODS An acute intravenous administered ascending dose anesthetized dog cardiovascular model was used to assess QTc prolongation along with other electrocardiographic (PR, QRS intervals) and hemodynamic (heart rate, blood pressures, left ventricular contractility) parameters at plasma concentrations spanning and exceeding clinical exposures. hERG current block potency was characterized using IC50 values from automated patch clamp. RESULTS All eight drugs eliciting clinical QTc prolongation also delayed repolarization in anesthetized dogs at plasma concentrations within four-fold clinical exposures. In vitro QTc safety margins (defined based on clinical Cmax values/plasma concentrations eliciting statistically significant QTc prolongation in dogs) were lower for high vs intermediate torsadogenic risk drugs. In comparison, hERG IC10 values represented as total drug concentrations were better predictors of preclinical QTc prolongation than hERG IC50 values. CONCLUSION There was good concordance for QTc prolongation in the anesthetized dog model and clinical torsadogenic risk assignment. QTc assessment in the anesthetized dog remains a valuable part of a more comprehensive preclinical integrated risk assessment for delayed repolarization and torsadogenic risk as part of a global cardiovascular evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya E Koshman
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America.
| | - Amanda S Wilsey
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Brandan M Bird
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Aimee L Endemann
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Sabine Sadilek
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Jessica Treadway
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Ruth L Martin
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - James S Polakowski
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Gary A Gintant
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Scott W Mittelstadt
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
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Nunoi Y, Hagiwara-Nagasawa M, Kambayashi R, Goto A, Chiba K, Wada T, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Matsumoto A, Watanabe Y, Sugiyama A. Characterization of microminipig as a laboratory animal for pharmacological study by analyzing bepridil-induced cardiovascular responses. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 143:56-59. [PMID: 32144028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since microminipig is becoming attractive model for various cardiac electropharmacological applications, which may meet consideration of 3Rs. We characterized microminipigs by analyzing how multi-ionic channel inhibitor bepridil may affect their in situ hearts in comparison with dogs. Bepridil in doses of 0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg were intravenously administered over 10 min under halothane anesthesia (n = 4). Microminipigs may be less sensitive for ICaT inhibition of bepridil, whereas they are more responsive to INa, IKr and IKs suppression than dogs. This information would help predict cardiovascular effects of a drug in patients with the remodeled hearts having similar electrophysiological profile to microminipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nunoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Mihoko Hagiwara-Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kambayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Koki Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akio Matsumoto
- Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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Kambayashi R, Hagiwara-Nagasawa M, Goto A, Chiba K, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Naito AT, Matsumoto A, Sugiyama A. In vivo characterization of rate-dependent impact on the QT interval of microminipig assessed by atrial electrical pacing: Development of correction formulae of QT interval. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1735-1739. [PMID: 31611491 PMCID: PMC6943312 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction formulae of QT interval were developed for the halothane-anesthetized microminipigs by adopting atrial pacing (n=5), which were compared with Bazett's and Fridericia's formulae for humans, and Van de Water's one for dogs. The correction formulae: QTc=QT-0.2072 (RR-750) as linear and QTc=QT/(RR/750)0.4007 as non-linear equations, were developed for microminipigs. These formulae can better correct the QT interval of the microminipigs compared with each of the conventional ones for humans and dogs. Moreover, analysis of the slope constant α values indicates that the rate-dependent change in the ventricular repolarization period of microminipig may better mimic that of humans than that of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kambayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Mihoko Hagiwara-Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Koki Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T Naito
- Division of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akio Matsumoto
- Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.,Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
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Measurement of J–Tpeakc along with QT-Interval Prolongation May Increase the Assay Sensitivity and Specificity for Predicting the Onset of Drug-Induced Torsade de Pointes: Experimental Evidences Based on Proarrhythmia Model Animals. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 19:357-364. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Goto A, Hagiwara-Nagasawa M, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Kitta K, Hoshiai K, Chiba K, Ando K, Akie Y, Naito AT, Sugiyama A. Use of microminipigs for unveiling unknown mechanisms of azithromycin-induced cardiovascular death. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 138:198-202. [PMID: 30391117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although azithromycin can suppress cardiac INa, IKr, IKs, ICa,L and IK1, its onset mechanisms for cardiovascular death have not been fully investigated. We examined electropharmacological effects of azithromycin in intravenous doses of 0.3, 3 and 30 mg/kg using microminipigs under the halothane anesthesia (n = 4), which provided plasma concentrations of 3.1, 11.2 and 120.4 μg/mL, respectively. The low dose did not alter any of the cardiohemodynamic or electrocardiographic variables. The middle dose significantly shortened QT interval for 10-20 min and QTc for 10-30 min. The high dose significantly decreased mean blood pressure for 5-60 min, prolonged QRS width at 20 min, but shortened QT interval for 15-20 min and QTc for 15-30 min (n = 3). Cardiohemodynamic collapse occurred in 1 animal after the start of the high dose infusion, which might be associated with the cardiovascular death in patients with vasomotor dysfunction. Prolongation of QRS width indicates that azithromycin may suppress ventricular INa in vivo, which may unmask latent type of Brugada electrocardiographic genotype. Meanwhile, abbreviation of the QTc might cause potentially lethal, short QT-related, cardiac arrhythmia syndrome. These findings with microminipigs suggest the possible entry point for analyzing the mechanisms of cardiovascular death clinically seen with this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Mihoko Hagiwara-Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kitta
- CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., 10221 Kobuchisawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi, 408-0044, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hoshiai
- CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., 10221 Kobuchisawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi, 408-0044, Japan
| | - Koki Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ando
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yasuki Akie
- CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., 10221 Kobuchisawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi, 408-0044, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T Naito
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
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7
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Lubna NJ, Nakamura Y, Hagiwara-Nagasawa M, Goto A, Chiba K, Kitta K, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Ando K, Naito AT, Akie Y, Sugiyama A. Electropharmacological characterization of microminipigs as a laboratory animal using anti-influenza virus drug oseltamivir. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:507-512. [PMID: 30078836 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed electropharmacological characteristics of microminipigs under halothane-anesthesia using anti-influenza virus drug oseltamivir, which has been known to possess multi-channel blocking properties, including Na+, Ca2+ and K+ channels (n = 4). Oseltamivir in doses of 0.3, 3 and 30 mg/kg was intravenously infused over 10 min with an interval of 20 min, which provided peak plasma concentrations 1.4, 7.4 and 125.5 µg/mL, respectively. The low dose did not alter any of the cardiovascular variables. The middle dose decreased the heart rate at 30 min after the start of the infusion. The high dose transiently returned the heart rate toward the baseline for 10-15 min, but decreased it for 20-60 min; decreased the mean blood pressure for 5-60 min; prolonged the PR interval for 10-60 min, and the QRS width for 10-20 min; but shortened the QT interval for 10-30 min, and the QTc for 5-60 min. Thus, oseltamivir can suppress the sinus automaticity, and atrioventricular nodal and intraventricular conduction; and decrease the mean blood pressure, extents of which were greater in microminipigs than in beagle dogs in our previous observation in spite of similar plasma concentrations, reflecting higher sensitivity of microminipigs for Na+ and Ca2+ channel inhibition than that of beagle dogs. In contrast to beagle dogs, oseltamivir shortened the repolarization period in microminipigs, indicating that oseltamivir can more potently inhibit the inward currents than the outward ones in the hearts of microminipigs. This information may help improve utilizatione of microminipigs as a laboratory animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Jaharat Lubna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuji Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
| | | | - Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Koki Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kumiko Kitta
- Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
| | - Kentaro Ando
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
| | - Atsuhiko T Naito
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
| | - Yasuki Akie
- Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
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8
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Ando K, Takahara A, Nakamura Y, Wada T, Chiba K, Goto A, Lubna NJ, Hagiwara-Nagasawa M, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Hoshiai K, Akie Y, Naito AT, Sugiyama A. Changes of electrocardiogram and hemodynamics in response to dipyridamole: In vivo comparative analyses using anesthetized beagle dogs and microminipigs. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 136:86-92. [PMID: 29398450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microminipigs are expected as a novel animal model for cardiovascular pharmacological experiments. Since inherent vulnerability of coronary circulation of microminipigs has not been characterized, we performed dipyridamole-stress test to both microminipigs and beagle dogs, and compared the results. Dipyridamole in doses of 0.056 and 0.56 mg/kg were intravenously infused over 10 min (n = 4 for each animal). Dipyridamole decreased the systolic/diastolic blood pressures and double product in dogs as well as in microminipigs; but it did not significantly alter the heart rate or the global balance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply in either animal. While organic coronary arterial stenosis was not detected in either animal, dogs have well-developed epicardial intracoronary networks unlike microminipigs. Like in humans, dipyridamole did not affect the ST segment of microminipigs, whereas it substantially depressed that in dogs. The results indicate the onset of subendocardial ischemia by dipyridamole in dogs may be partly associated with their well-developed native coronary collateral channels. Microminipigs would be more useful to evaluate the drugs which may affect the coronary circulation in the pre-clinical study than dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ando
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akira Takahara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Koki Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Nur Jaharat Lubna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Mihoko Hagiwara-Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hoshiai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Bioresearch Center, 10221 Kobuchisawa-cho, Hokuto-shi, Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuki Akie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Bioresearch Center, 10221 Kobuchisawa-cho, Hokuto-shi, Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T Naito
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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