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Zhang X, Chen X, Yang F, Shao H, Bai T, Meng X, Wu Y, Yang A, Chen H, Li X. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate skews the T helper cell balance and enhances neutrophil activation in mice with food allergies. Food Funct 2024; 15:5641-5654. [PMID: 38726659 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to food allergens elicits fast changes in the intestinal microenvironment, which guides the development of allergic reactions. Investigating the key information about these changes may help in better understanding food allergies. In this research, we explored the relationship between a food allergy and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a danger molecule that has been proved to regulate the onset of allergic asthma and dermatitis but has not been studied in food allergies, by developing a unique animal model through allergen-containing diet feeding. After consuming an allergen-containing diet for 7 days, the allergic mice exhibited severe enteritis with elevated luminal ATP levels. The dysregulated luminal ATP worsened food-induced enteritis by enhancing Th17 cell responses and increasing mucosal neutrophil accumulation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ATP intervention facilitated Th17 cell differentiation and neutrophil activation. In addition, the diet-induced allergy showed noticeable gut dysbiosis, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and increased diet-specific microbiota signatures. As the first, we show that food-induced enteritis is associated with an elevated concentration of luminal ATP. The dysregulated extracellular ATP exacerbated the enteritis of mice to a food challenge by manipulating intestinal Th17 cells and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Huming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Tianliang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
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Sluyter R, McEwan TBD, Sophocleous RA, Stokes L. Methods for studying P2X4 receptor ion channels in immune cells. J Immunol Methods 2024; 526:113626. [PMID: 38311008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The P2X4 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated ion channel activated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). P2X4 is present in immune cells with emerging roles in inflammation and immunity, and related disorders. This review aims to provide an overview of the methods commonly used to study P2X4 in immune cells, focusing on those methods used to assess P2RX4 gene expression, the presence of the P2X4 protein, and P2X4 ion channel activity in these cells from humans, dogs, mice and rats. P2RX4 gene expression in immune cells is commonly assessed using semi-quantitative and quantitative reverse-transcriptase-PCR. The presence of P2X4 protein in immune cells is mainly assessed using anti-P2X4 polyclonal antibodies with immunoblotting or immunochemistry, but the use of these antibodies, as well as monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies to detect P2X4 with flow cytometry is increasing. Notably, use of an anti-P2X4 monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry has revealed that P2X4 is present on immune cells with a rank order of expression in eosinophils, then neutrophils and monocytes, then basophils and B cells, and finally T cells. P2X4 ion channel activity has been assessed mainly by Ca2+ flux assays using the cell permeable Ca2+-sensitive dyes Fura-2 and Fluo-4 with fluorescence microscopy, spectrophotometry, or flow cytometry. However, other methods including electrophysiology, and fluorescence assays measuring Na+ flux (using sodium green tetra-acetate) and dye uptake (using YO-PRO-12+) have been applied. Collectively, these methods have demonstrated the presence of functional P2X4 in monocytes and macrophages, microglia, eosinophils, mast cells and CD4+ T cells, with other evidence suggestive of functional P2X4 in dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Tahnee B-D McEwan
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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Schulman ES, Nishi H, Pelleg A. Degranulation of human mast cells: modulation by P2 receptors' agonists. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216580. [PMID: 37868982 PMCID: PMC10585249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1970s, there has been an alarming increase in the incidence of asthma and its morbidity and mortality. Acute obstruction and inflammation of allergic asthmatic airways are frequently caused by inhalation of exogenous substances such as allergens cross-linking IgE receptors expressed on the surface of the human lung mast cells (HLMC). The degree of constriction of human airways produced by identical amounts of inhaled allergens may vary from day to day and even hour to hour. Endogenous factors in the human mast cell (HMC)'s microenvironment during allergen exposure may markedly modulate the degranulation response. An increase in allergic responsiveness may significantly enhance bronchoconstriction and breathlessness. This review focuses on the role that the ubiquitous endogenous purine nucleotide, extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which is a component of the damage-associated molecular patterns, plays in mast cells' physiology. ATP activates P2 purinergic cell-surface receptors (P2R) to trigger signaling cascades resulting in heightened inflammatory responses. ATP is the most potent enhancer of IgE-mediated HLMC degranulation described to date. Current knowledge of ATP as it relates to targeted receptor(s) on HMC along with most recent studies exploring HMC post-receptor activation pathways are discussed. In addition, the reviewed studies may explain why brief, minimal exposures to allergens (e.g., dust, cat, mouse, and grass) can unpredictably lead to intense clinical reactions. Furthermore, potential therapeutic approaches targeting ATP-related enhancement of allergic reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Schulman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haruhisa Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amir Pelleg
- Danmir Therapeutics, LLC, Haverford, PA, United States
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