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Amoako FK, Sulieman S, Mühling KH. Mineral and Carbon Metabolic Adjustments in Nodules of Symbiotically Grown Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.) Varieties in Response to Organic Phosphorus Supplementation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3888. [PMID: 38005785 PMCID: PMC10675292 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting factor for legume and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Although overall adaptations of legumes to P supplementation have been extensively studied in connection with inorganic P, little information is currently available regarding nodulation or SNF responses to organic P (Po) in hydroponics. We investigated the mineral and carbon metabolism of Po-induced nodules of two contrasting faba bean varieties grown hydroponically under inorganic P (Pi), viz., in P-deficient (2 µM KH2PO4, -Pi), sufficient-P (200 µM KH2PO4, +Pi), and phytic acid (200 µM, Po) conditions, and were inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 and grown for 30 days. The results consistently reveal similar growth and biomass partitioning patterns between +Pi and Po, with both varying substantially from -Pi. In comparison, +Pi and Po observed equivalent accumulations of overall elemental P concentrations, with both increasing by 114 and 119%, respectively, relative to -Pi. A principal component analysis on metabolites showed a clear separation of the -Pi treatment from the others, with +Pi and Po correlating closely together, highlighting the nonsignificant differences between them. Additionally, the δ15N abundance of shoots, roots, and nodules was not significantly different between treatments and varieties and exhibited negative δ15N signatures for all tissues. Our study provides a novel perspective on mineral and carbon metabolism and their regulation of the growth, functioning, and reprogramming of nodules upon phytate supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl H. Mühling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (F.K.A.); (S.S.)
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Wen M, Zhu M, Han Z, Ho CT, Granato D, Zhang L. Comprehensive applications of metabolomics on tea science and technology: Opportunities, hurdles, and perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4890-4924. [PMID: 37786329 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of metabolomics analytical techniques, relevant studies have increased in recent decades. The procedures of metabolomics analysis mainly include sample preparation, data acquisition and pre-processing, multivariate statistical analysis, as well as maker compounds' identification. In the present review, we summarized the published articles of tea metabolomics regarding different analytical tools, such as mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The metabolite variation of fresh tea leaves with different treatments, such as biotic/abiotic stress, horticultural measures, and nutritional supplies was reviewed. Furthermore, the changes of chemical composition of processed tea samples under different processing technologies were also profiled. Since the identification of critical or marker metabolites is a complicated task, we also discussed the procedure of metabolite identification to clarify the importance of omics data analysis. The present review provides a workflow diagram for tea metabolomics research and also the perspectives of related studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zisheng Han
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Granato
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Liu X, Tian J, Liu G, Sun L. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Strong Phosphorus Adaptation in Tea Plant Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12431. [PMID: 37569806 PMCID: PMC10419353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Low phosphorus (P) is a major limiting factor for plant growth in acid soils, which are preferred by tea plants. This study aims to investigate the unique mechanisms of tea plant roots adaptation to low-P conditions. Tea plant roots were harvested for multi-omics analysis after being treated with 0 µmol·L-1 P (0P) and 250 µmol·L-1 P (250P) for 30 days. Under 250P conditions, root elongation was significantly inhibited, and the density of lateral roots was dramatically increased. This suggests that 250P may inhibit the elongation of tea plant roots. Moreover, the P concentration in roots was about 4.58 times higher than that under 0P, indicating that 250P may cause P toxicity in tea plant roots. Contrary to common plants, the expression of CsPT1/2 in tea plant roots was significantly increased by four times at 250P, which indicated that tea plant roots suffering from P toxicity might be due to the excessive expression of phosphate uptake-responsible genes under 250P conditions. Additionally, 94.80% of P-containing metabolites accumulated due to 250P stimulation, most of which were energy-associated metabolites, including lipids, nucleotides, and sugars. Especially the ratio of AMP/ATP and the expression of energy sensor CsSnRKs were inhibited by P application. Therefore, under 250P conditions, P over-accumulation due to the excessive expression of CsPT1/2 may inhibit energy metabolism and thus the growth of tea plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Institute of Tropical Crops Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Jing Tian
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Guodao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Crops Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Lili Sun
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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Lin ZH, Chen CS, Zhao SQ, Liu Y, Zhong QS, Ruan QC, Chen ZH, You XM, Shan RY, Li XL, Zhang YZ. Molecular and physiological mechanisms of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaf and root in response to nitrogen deficiency. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:27. [PMID: 36650452 PMCID: PMC9847173 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an economically important crop, tea is strongly nitrogen (N)-dependent. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of N deficiency in tea are not fully understood. Tea cultivar "Chunlv2" [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] were cultured with a nutrient solution with 0 mM [N-deficiency] or 3 mM (Control) NH4NO3 in 6 L pottery pots containing clean river sands. RESULTS N deficiency significantly decreased N content, dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl) content, L-theanine and the activities of N metabolism-related enzymes, but increased the content of total flavonoids and polyphenols in tea leaves. N deficiency delayed the sprouting time of tea buds. By using the RNA-seq technique and subsequent bioinformatics analysis, 3050 up-regulated and 2688 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were isolated in tea leaves in response to N deficiency. However, only 1025 genes were up-regulated and 744 down-regulated in roots. Gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis showed that 205 DEGs in tea leaves were enriched in seven GO terms and 152 DEGs in tea roots were enriched in 11 GO items based on P < 0.05. In tea leaves, most GO-enriched DEGs were involved in chlorophyll a/b binding activities, photosynthetic performance, and transport activities. But most of the DEGs in tea roots were involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and plant hormones with regard to the GO terms of biological processes. N deficiency significantly increased the expression level of phosphate transporter genes, which indicated that N deficiency might impair phosphorus metabolism in tea leaves. Furthermore, some DEGs, such as probable anion transporter 3 and high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.7, might be of great potential in improving the tolerance of N deficiency in tea plants and further study could work on this area in the future. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated N deficiency inhibited the growth of tea plant, which might be due to altered N metabolism and expression levels of DEGs involved in the photosynthetic performance, transport activity and oxidation-reduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-He Lin
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Chang-Song Chen
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Shui-Qing Zhao
- Laixi Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shandong Province, Laixi, 266699 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laixi Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shandong Province, Laixi, 266699 China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhong
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Qi-Chun Ruan
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Xiao-Mei You
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Rui-Yang Shan
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Ya-Zhen Zhang
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
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D’Auria JC, Cohen SP, Leung J, Glockzin K, Glockzin KM, Gervay-Hague J, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW. United States tea: A synopsis of ongoing tea research and solutions to United States tea production issues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934651. [PMID: 36212324 PMCID: PMC9538180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a steeped beverage made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Globally, this healthy, caffeine-containing drink is one of the most widely consumed beverages. At least 50 countries produce tea and most of the production information and tea research is derived from international sources. Here, we discuss information related to tea production, genetics, and chemistry as well as production issues that affect or are likely to affect emerging tea production and research in the United States. With this review, we relay current knowledge on tea production, threats to tea production, and solutions to production problems to inform this emerging market in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. D’Auria
- Metabolic Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Leung
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kayla Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Mark Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Gong J, Zhang Z, Wang B, Shi J, Zhang W, Dong Q, Song L, Li Y, Liu Y. N addition rebalances the carbon and nitrogen metabolisms of Leymus chinensis through leaf N investment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:221-232. [PMID: 35714430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intensifying nitrogen (N) deposition disturbs the growth of grassland plants due to an imbalance between their carbon (C) and N metabolism. However, it's unclear how plant physiological strategies restore balance. We investigated the effects of multiple N addition levels (0-25 g N m-2 yr-1) on the coordination of C and N metabolism in a dominant grass (Leymus chinensis) in a semiarid grassland in northern China. To do so, we evaluated photosynthetic parameters, leaf N allocation, C- and N-based metabolites, and metabolic enzymes. We found that a moderate N level (10 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted carboxylation and electron transport by allocating more N to the photosynthetic apparatus and increasing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity. The highest N level (25 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted N investment in nonphotosynthetic pathways and increased the free amino acids in the leaves. N addition stimulated the accumulation of C and N compounds across organs by activating sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase. This enhancement triggered a transformation of primary metabolites (nonstructural carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids) to secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids) for temporary storage or as defense compounds. Citric acid, as the C skeleton for enhanced N metabolism, decreased significantly, and malic acid increased by catalysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Our findings show the adaptability of L. chinensis to different N-addition levels by adjusting its allocations of C and N metabolic compounds and confirm the roles of C and N coordination by grassland plants in these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Liangyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
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Root Foraging Strategy Improves the Adaptability of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis L.) to Soil Potassium Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158585. [PMID: 35955715 PMCID: PMC9369073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Root foraging enables plants to obtain more soil nutrients in a constantly changing nutrient environment. Little is known about the adaptation mechanism of adventitious roots of plants dominated by asexual reproduction (such as tea plants) to soil potassium heterogeneity. We investigated root foraging strategies for K by two tea plants (low-K tolerant genotype “1511” and low-K intolerant genotype “1601”) using a multi-layer split-root system. Root exudates, root architecture and transcriptional responses to K heterogeneity were analyzed by HPLC, WinRHIZO and RNA-seq. With the higher leaf K concentrations and K biological utilization indexes, “1511” acclimated to K heterogeneity better than “1601”. For “1511”, maximum total root length and fine root length proportion appeared on the K-enriched side; the solubilization of soil K reached the maximum on the low-K side, which was consistent with the amount of organic acids released through root exudation. The cellulose decomposition genes that were abundant on the K-enriched side may have promoted root proliferation for “1511”. This did not happen in “1601”. The low-K tolerant tea genotype “1511” was better at acclimating to K heterogeneity, which was due to a smart root foraging strategy: more roots (especially fine roots) were developed in the K-enriched side; more organic acids were secreted in the low-K side to activate soil K and the root proliferation in the K-enriched side might be due to cellulose decomposition. The present research provides a practical basis for a better understanding of the adaptation strategies of clonal woody plants to soil nutrient availability.
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Molecular and Physiological Responses of Citrus sinensis Leaves to Long-Term Low pH Revealed by RNA-Seq Integrated with Targeted Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105844. [PMID: 35628662 PMCID: PMC9142915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pH-induced alterations in gene expression profiles and organic acids (OA) and free amino acid (FAA) abundances were investigated in sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan] leaves. We identified 503 downregulated and 349 upregulated genes in low pH-treated leaves. Further analysis indicated that low pH impaired light reaction and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, thereby lowering photosynthesis in leaves. Low pH reduced carbon and carbohydrate metabolisms, OA biosynthesis and ATP production in leaves. Low pH downregulated the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds, proteins, and FAAs in leaves, which might be conducive to maintaining energy homeostasis during ATP deprivation. Low pH-treated leaves displayed some adaptive responses to phosphate starvation, including phosphate recycling, lipid remodeling, and phosphate transport, thus enhancing leaf acid-tolerance. Low pH upregulated the expression of some reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aldehyde detoxifying enzyme (peroxidase and superoxidase) genes and the concentrations of some antioxidants (L-tryptophan, L-proline, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, and pyroglutamic acid), but it impaired the pentose phosphate pathway and VE and secondary metabolite biosynthesis and downregulated the expression of some ROS and aldehyde detoxifying enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase, aldo-keto reductase, and 2-alkenal reductase) genes and the concentrations of some antioxidants (pyridoxine and γ-aminobutyric acid), thus disturbing the balance between production and detoxification of ROS and aldehydes and causing oxidative damage to leaves.
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Sun J, Duan Z, Zhang Y, Cao S, Tang Z, Abozeid A. Metabolite Profiles Provide Insights into Underlying Mechanism in Bupleurum (Apiaceae) in Response to Three Levels of Phosphorus Fertilization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:752. [PMID: 35336634 PMCID: PMC8952368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency affects plant yield and quality, yet at the same time, excessive phosphorus application does not necessarily promote the growth of plants. How to maintain a balance between biomass accumulation and phosphorus application is a problem. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between yield and quality of Bupleurum and phosphorus fertilization, based on three phosphorus fertilization levels (20 kg∙ha-1; 10 kg∙ha-1; and 0 kg∙ha-1). We adopted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to assess the response of primary metabolites of different plant tissues (flowers, main shoots, lateral shoots and roots) to phosphorus fertilization. At the same time, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify saikosaponin A and saikosaponin D, the main active ingredients of Bupleurum. Our research showed that low phosphorus level application has a positive impact on the yield and quality of Bupleurum, especially the above-ground parts increasing the fresh weight of flowers and lateral shoots and the length of main shoots, and moreover, increasing the saikosaponins content in all above-ground parts while decreasing the content in roots which show no significance increase in fresh weight and length. However, high phosphorus level showed a negative impact as it decreases the saikosaponins content significantly in flowers and roots. Furthermore, phosphorus application changed the proportion of saikosaponins, promoting the content of saikosaponin A and inhibiting the content of saikosaponin D in most organs of Bupleurum. Therefore, we can say that high phosphorus application is not preferable to the yield and quality of Bupleurum. To identify the metabolic pathways and special key metabolites, a total of 73 metabolites were discovered, and four differential metabolites-ether, glycerol, chlorogenic and L-rhamnose-were considered to be the key metabolites of Bupleurum's response to phosphorus fertilization. Furthermore, Bupleurum's response to phosphorus fertilization was mainly related to metabolic pathways, such as starch and sucrose metabolism and galactose metabolism. Under the phosphorus level, the content of sugars, organic acids and their derivatives, polyols and their derivatives and alkyl were upregulated in flowers. Furthermore, the contents of compounds in the main shoot and lateral shoots showed the same upward trend, except glycosides and polyols and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.S.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Biological Science and Technology Department, Heilongjiang Vocational College for Nationalities, Harbin 150066, China
| | - Zejia Duan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.S.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.S.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Sisi Cao
- Medical Department, Harbin Vocational & Technical College, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.S.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ann Abozeid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom 32511, Egypt
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10
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Yu F, Chen C, Chen S, Wang K, Huang H, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. Dynamic changes and mechanisms of organic acids during black tea manufacturing process. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Lin ZH, Chen CS, Zhong QS, Ruan QC, Chen ZH, You XM, Shan RY, Li XL. The GC-TOF/MS-based Metabolomic analysis reveals altered metabolic profiles in nitrogen-deficient leaves and roots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:506. [PMID: 34727870 PMCID: PMC8561955 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is commonly considered as one of the most important limiting factors in the agricultural production. As a result, a large amount of N fertilizer is used to improve the yield in modern tea production. Unfortunately, the large amount of N fertilizer input has led to increased plant nitrogen-tolerance and decreased amplitude of yield improvement, which results in significant N loss, energy waste and environment pollution. However, the effects of N-deficiency on the metabolic profiles of tea leaves and roots are not well understood. RESULTS In this study, seedlings of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Chunlv 2 were treated with 3 mM NH4NO3 (Control) or without NH4NO3 (N-deficiency) for 4 months by sandy culture. The results suggested that N-deficiency induced tea leaf chlorosis, impaired biomass accumulation, decreased the leaf chlorophyll content and N absorption when they were compared to the Control samples. The untargeted metabolomics based on GC-TOF/MS approach revealed a discrimination of the metabolic profiles between N-deficient tea leaves and roots. The identification and classification of the altered metabolites indicated that N deficiency upregulated the relative abundances of most phenylpropanoids and organic acids, while downregulated the relative abundances of most amino acids in tea leaves. Differentially, N-deficiency induced the accumulation of most carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids in tea roots. The potential biomarkers screened in N-deficient leaves compared to Control implied that N deficiency might reduce the tea quality. Unlike the N-deficient leaves, the potential biomarkers in N-deficient roots indicated an improved stress response might occur in tea roots. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated N deficiency had different effects on the primary and secondary metabolism in tea leaves and roots. The findings of this study will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the N-deficient tea plants and provide a valuable reference for the optimized N nutrient management and the sustainable development in the tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-He Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China.
| | - Chang-Song Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qi-Chun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei You
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Rui-Yang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
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12
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Yang P, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Li J, Ning J, Yang Y, Huang J. Comparative study of vegetative and reproductive growth of different tea varieties response to different fluoride concentrations stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:419-428. [PMID: 32652445 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amount of fluoride accumulation in tea leaves was gradually increase as the matures of tea plants, and the excessive fluoride intake can threaten people's health. Based on years of field investigations, a low level of fluoride variety Xiangbo Lǜ (XBL) and a high level of fluoride variety Zhenong 139 (ZN139) were selected. RESULTS In this study, the root, 1st and the 5th leaf of the two-year-old tea trees were used for morphological, physiological and comparative transcriptomics analysis to understand the different features of "XBL" and "ZN139" under fluoride stress conditions. The color of the 1st and 5th leaves of XBL were yellower, the activity of peroxidase, catalase and antioxidant enzyme were lower than ZN139 under the high-fluoride stress. Transcriptomics analysis indicated that core genes involved in photosynthesis rates regulation showed no significantly exchanged expression, the co-downregulation of magnesium ions transportation, while the ROS scavenging, vegetative growth and self-compatibility between the two varieties were different. Crucial genes' expression were also identified by the real-time RT-PCR. CONCLUSION The tea tree is one of the few plants that has a high-fluoride content, but the different varieties respond differently to fluoride stress. High-fluoride tea tree varieties, such as ZN139, have stronger ROS scavenging abilities through the use of both their non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems which act by increasing the expression levels of inositol-1-monophosphatases and peroxidases, among others. ZN139 can also compensate for the decrease in photosynthetic rate that is associated with the ionic imbalance caused by the reduced consumption of light energy during long-periods of high fluoride stress. Reproductive development was protected in ZN139 by the up-regulated expression of S-locus glycoprotein, Mildew resistance locus o and Phospholipase D under fluoride stress, while the vegetative development of low-fluoride varieties such as XBL was retarded. More starch and cellulose were redistributed to glucose by increasing the expression levels of glycosyl transferases and hydrolases to provide more energy for processes involved in the response and tolerance towards fluoride stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidi Yang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Key Lab of Tea Science of Education Ministry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Sub Center of National Tea Improvement Center, Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Sub Center of National Tea Improvement Center, Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Hunan Sub Center of National Tea Improvement Center, Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Key Lab of Tea Science of Education Ministry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Sub Center of National Tea Improvement Center, Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Juan Li
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Key Lab of Tea Science of Education Ministry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jing Ning
- Hunan Sub Center of National Tea Improvement Center, Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Hunan Sub Center of National Tea Improvement Center, Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Jian'an Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Key Lab of Tea Science of Education Ministry, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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13
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Yang TY, Qi YP, Huang HY, Wu FL, Huang WT, Deng CL, Yang LT, Chen LS. Interactive effects of pH and aluminum on the secretion of organic acid anions by roots and related metabolic factors in Citrus sinensis roots and leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114303. [PMID: 32155556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Low pH and aluminum (Al)-toxicity often coexist in acidic soils. Citrus sinensis seedlings were treated with nutrient solution at a pH of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 or 4.0 and an Al concentration of 0 or 1 mM for 18 weeks. Thereafter, malate, citrate, isocitrate, acid-metabolizing enzymes, and nonstructural carbohydrates in roots and leaves, and release of malate and citrate from roots were measured. Al concentration in roots and leaves increased under Al-toxicity, but it declined with elevating nutrient solution pH. Al-toxicity increased the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose and total soluble sugars in leaves and roots at each given pH except for a similar sucrose level at pH 2.5-3.0, but it reduced or did not alter the levels of starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in leaves and roots with the exception that Al improved TNC level in roots at pH 4.0. Levels of nonstructural carbohydrates in roots and leaves rose with reducing pH with a few exceptions with or without Al-toxicity. A potential model for the possible role of root organic acid (OA) metabolism (anions) in C. sinensis Al-tolerance was proposed. With Al-toxicity, the elevated pH upregulated the OA metabolism, and increased the flow of carbon to OA metabolism, and the accumulation of malate and citrate in roots and subsequent release of them, thus reducing root and leaf Al and hence eliminating Al-toxicity. Without Al-toxicity, low pH stimulated the exudation of malate and citrate, an adaptive response of Citrus to low pH. The interactive effects of pH and pH on OA metabolism were different between roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Yu Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Feng-Lin Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei-Tao Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chong-Ling Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, China, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Luo J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen Z, Luo L, Liu G, Liu P. Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:85. [PMID: 32087672 PMCID: PMC7036231 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the growth of stylo root was enhanced, which was attributed to the up-regulation of expansin genes participating in root growth. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulations were identified in stylo roots response to P deficiency, which mainly included flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots subjected to low P stress. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that a set of genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundances of phenolic acids and phenylamides were significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The increased accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and increasing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo roots to P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yunxi Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Huikai Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Guodao Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Pandao Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 570228, China.
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15
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El-Soda M, Neris Moreira C, Goredema-Matongera N, Jamar D, Koornneef M, Aarts MGM. QTL and candidate genes associated with leaf anion concentrations in response to phosphate supply in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:410. [PMID: 31533608 PMCID: PMC6751748 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus is often present naturally in the soil as inorganic phosphate, Pi, which bio-availability is limited in many ecosystems due to low soil solubility and mobility. Plants respond to low Pi with a Pi Starvation Response, involving Pi sensing and long-distance signalling. There is extensive cross-talk between Pi homeostasis mechanisms and the homeostasis mechanism for other anions in response to Pi availability. RESULTS Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) and Genome Wide Association (GWA) mapping populations, derived from or composed of natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, were grown under sufficient and deficient Pi supply. Significant treatment effects were found for all traits and significant genotype x treatment interactions for the leaf Pi and sulphate concentrations. Using the RIL/QTL population, we identified 24 QTLs for leaf concentrations of Pi and other anions, including a major QTL for leaf sulphate concentration (SUL2) mapped to the bottom of chromosome (Chr) 1. GWA mapping found 188 SNPs to be associated with the measured traits, corresponding to 152 genes. One of these SNPs, associated with leaf Pi concentration, mapped to PP2A-1, a gene encoding an isoform of the catalytic subunit of a protein phosphatase 2A. Of two additional SNPs, associated with phosphate use efficiency (PUE), one mapped to AT5G49780, encoding a leucine-rich repeat protein kinase involved in signal transduction, and the other to SIZ1, a gene encoding a SUMO E3 ligase, and a known regulator of P starvation-dependent responses. One SNP associated with leaf sulphate concentration was found in SULTR2;1, encoding a sulphate transporter, known to enhance sulphate translocation from root to shoot under P deficiency. Finally, one SNP was mapped to FMO GS-OX4, a gene encoding glucosinolate S-oxygenase involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis, which located within the confidence interval of the SUL2 locus. CONCLUSION We identified several candidate genes with known functions related to anion homeostasis in response to Pi availability. Further molecular studies are needed to confirm and validate these candidate genes and understand their roles in examined traits. Such knowledge will contribute to future breeding for improved crop PUE .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Soda
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Charles Neris Moreira
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nakai Goredema-Matongera
- Department of Research and Specialist Services, Maize Breeding Programme, Crop Breeding Institute, P. O. Box CY550 Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Diaan Jamar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G. M. Aarts
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Mai W, Xue X, Feng G, Tian C. Simultaneously maximizing root/mycorrhizal growth and phosphorus uptake by cotton plants by optimizing water and phosphorus management. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:334. [PMID: 30518320 PMCID: PMC6280356 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two plant phosphorus (P)-uptake pathways, namely the direct P uptake by roots and the indirect P uptake through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Maximizing the efficiency of root and AMF processes associated with P acquisition by adjusting soil conditions is important for simultaneously ensuring high yields and the efficient use of available P. RESULTS A root box experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016. The aim was to investigate the effects of different P and soil water conditions on root/mycorrhizal growth and P uptake by cotton plants. Hyphal growth was induced in well-watered soil, but decreased with increasing P concentrations. Additionally, P fertilizers regulated root length only under well-watered conditions, with the longest roots observed in response to 0.2 g P2O5 kg- 1. In contrast, root elongation was essentially unaffected by P fertilizers under drought conditions. And soil water in general had more significant effects on root and hyphal growth than phosphorus levels. In well-watered soil, the application of P significantly increased the cotton plant P uptake, but there were no differences between the effects of 0.2 and 1 g P2O5 kg- 1. So optimizing phosphorus inputs and soil water can increase cotton growth and phosphorus uptake by maximizing the efficiency of phosphorus acquisition by roots/mycorrhizae. CONCLUSIONS Soil water and P contents of 19-24% and 20-25 mg kg- 1, respectively, simultaneously maximized root/mycorrhizal growth and P uptake by cotton plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Mai
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China
- State Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and Desert Environment, Urumqi, 830011 China
- Changji National Agricultural Science and Technology Park, Changji, 831100 China
| | - Xiangrong Xue
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China
- State Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and Desert Environment, Urumqi, 830011 China
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Changyan Tian
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China
- State Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and Desert Environment, Urumqi, 830011 China
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17
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Kc S, Liu M, Zhang Q, Fan K, Shi Y, Ruan J. Metabolic Changes of Amino Acids and Flavonoids in Tea Plants in Response to Inorganic Phosphate Limitation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113683. [PMID: 30469347 PMCID: PMC6274676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualities of tea (Camellia sinensis) are not clearly understood in terms of integrated leading molecular regulatory network mechanisms behind inorganic phosphate (Pi) limitation. Thus, the present work aims to elucidate transcription factor-dependent responses of quality-related metabolites and the expression of genes to phosphate (P) starvation. The tea plant organs were subjected to metabolomics analysis by GC×GC-TOF/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS along with transcription factors and 13 metabolic genes by qRT-PCR. We found P starvation upregulated SPX2 and the change response of Pi is highly dependent on young shoots. This led to increased change in abundance of carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), amino acids in leaves (threonine and methionine), and root (phenylalanine, alanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine). Flavonoids and their glycosides accumulated in leaves and root exposed to P limitation was consistent with the upregulated expression of anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (EC 1.4.11.19) and glycosyltransferases (UGT78D1, UGT78D2 and UGT57L12). Despite the similar kinetics and high correlation response of Pi and SPX2 in young shoots, predominating theanine and other amino acids (serine, threonine, glutamate, valine, methionine, phenylalanine) and catechin (EGC, EGCG and CG) content displayed opposite changes in response to Pi limitation between Fengqing and Longjing-43 tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kc
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Zheng J, Huang C, Yang B, Kallio H, Liu P, Ou S. Regulation of phytochemicals in fruits and berries by environmental variation-Sugars and organic acids. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12642. [PMID: 31353611 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and organic acids are important phytochemicals contributing to the nutrition and sensory properties of fruits and berries. Their contents are closely correlated to the genetic background of plants as well as to the environmental conditions during growth. This review focuses on the recent researches on the metabolism of these compounds in fruits and berries in response to the variation of environmental conditions, including temperature, radiation, and water supply. A great deal of investigations indicates that the influence of environmental factors on the composition of fruits/berries depended largely on the genetic background. Moreover, the metabolic regulation in response to environmental changes also varies between different plant developmental stages. Nevertheless, some general trends, like the positive correlation between light intensity and sugar content, were observed in most investigations. In grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), the content of malic acid always decreases as light intensity increases, and as the water supply decreases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The contents of sugars and organic acids, and especially their relative ratio, are important indicators determining the taste and quality of fruits and fruit products. In this review, we summarized the investigations carried out on the regulation of these sensory contributing primary metabolites in fruits and berries in relation to the variation of environmental conditions. It was indicated that various factors, such as plant genotype, growing period, and interaction between environmental factors, might contribute to the impact of environmental changes on the composition of fruits/berries. The article not only provides comprehensive knowledges in food chemistry and plant physiology but also provide important background knowledge for berry cultivation and breeding, as well as useful guidelines for utilization of fruits and berries in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Caihuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Kallio
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pengzhan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Ding Z, Jia S, Wang Y, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Phosphate stresses affect ionome and metabolome in tea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 120:30-39. [PMID: 28982053 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the response of tea plants to P stress, we conducted the ionomic and metabolomic analysis by ICP-OES, GC-MS and LC-MS. The results demonstrated that P was antagonistic with S, and was cooperative with Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe under P-deficiency. However, P was antagonistic with Mn, Fe and S, and was cooperative with Cu and Zn under P-excess. Moreover, P-deficiency or excess reduced the syntheses of flavonoids and phosphorylated metabolites. P-deficiency decreased the amount of glutamate and increased the content of glutamine, while P-excess decreased the content of glutamine. Besides, P-deficiency increased three organic acids and decreased three organic acids. P-excess increased the contents of malic acid, oxalic acid, ribonic acid and etc. involved in primary metabolism, but decreased the contents of p-coumaric acid, indoleacrylic acid, related to secondary metabolism. Furthermore, the contents of Mn and Zn were found to be positively related to the amounts of myricetin and quercetin, and the content of Mn to be positively related to the amount of arabinose. The results implied that the P stresses severely disturbed the metabolism of minerals and metabolites in tea plants, which influenced the yield and quality of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Sisi Jia
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- School of Biological Science and Winery Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, 271021, China
| | - Yinfei Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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20
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Chen LS, Yang LT, Lin ZH, Tang N. Roles of Organic Acid Metabolism in Plant Tolerance to Phosphorus-Deficiency. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30967-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Yang LT, Qi YP, Jiang HX, Chen LS. Roles of organic acid anion secretion in aluminium tolerance of higher plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:173682. [PMID: 23509687 PMCID: PMC3591170 DOI: 10.1155/2013/173682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of the world's total land area and over 50% of the world's potential arable lands are acidic. Furthermore, the acidity of the soils is gradually increasing as a result of the environmental problems including some farming practices and acid rain. At mildly acidic or neutral soils, aluminium (Al) occurs primarily as insoluble deposits and is essentially biologically inactive. However, in many acidic soils throughout the tropics and subtropics, Al toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity. The Al-induced secretion of organic acid (OA) anions, mainly citrate, oxalate, and malate, from roots is the best documented mechanism of Al tolerance in higher plants. Increasing evidence shows that the Al-induced secretion of OA anions may be related to the following several factors, including (a) anion channels or transporters, (b) internal concentrations of OA anions in plant tissues, (d) temperature, (e) root plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase, (f) magnesium (Mg), and (e) phosphorus (P). Genetically modified plants and cells with higher Al tolerance by overexpressing genes for the secretion and the biosynthesis of OA anions have been obtained. In addition, some aspects needed to be further studied are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Huan-Xin Jiang
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Donnini S, De Nisi P, Gabotti D, Tato L, Zocchi G. Adaptive strategies of Parietaria diffusa (M.&K.) to calcareous habitat with limited iron availability. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1171-84. [PMID: 22229865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of native plants growing in hostile environments is useful to understand how these species respond to stress conditions. Parietaria diffusa (M.&K.) is able to survive in highly calcareous soils and extreme environments, such as house walls, without displaying any chlorotic symptoms. Here, we have investigated the existence of Strategy I complementary/alternative mechanism(s) involved in Fe solubilization and uptake and responsible for Parietaria's extraordinary efficiency. After assessing the specific traits involved in a calcicole-behaviour in the field, we have grown plants in conditions of Fe deficiency, either direct (-Fe) or induced by the presence of bicarbonate (+FeBic). Then, the growth performance, physiological and biochemical responses of the plants were investigated. The study shows that in Parietaria+FeBic, the classical responses of Strategy I plants are activated to a lower extent than in -Fe. In addition, there is a greater production of phenolics and organic acids that are both exuded and accumulated in the roots, which in turn show structures similar to 'proteoid-like roots'. We suggest that in the presence of this constraint, Parietaria undergoes some metabolic rearrangements that involve PEP-consuming reactions and an enhancement of the shikimate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Donnini
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Yang LT, Jiang HX, Qi YP, Chen LS. Differential expression of genes involved in alternative glycolytic pathways, phosphorus scavenging and recycling in response to aluminum and phosphorus interactions in Citrus roots. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6353-66. [PMID: 22307782 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the possible links between the expression levels of genes involved in alternative glycolytic pathways, phosphorus (P) scavenging and recycling and Citrus tolerance to aluminum (Al) and/or P-deficiency. 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) and 'Sour pummelo' (Citrus grandis) seedlings were irrigated for 18 weeks with nutrient solution containing 0 and 1.2 mM AlCl(3)·6H(2)O × 0, 50 and 200 μM KH(2)PO(4). C. sinensis displayed more tolerant to Al and P-deficiency than C. grandis. Under Al stress, C. sinensis accumulated more Al in roots and less Al in shoots than C. grandis. P concentration was higher in C. sinensis shoots and roots than in C. grandis ones. C. sinensis roots secreted more malate and citrate than C. grandis ones when exposed to Al. Al-induced-secretion of malate and citrate by excised roots from Al-treated seedlings decreased with increasing P supply. Al-induced-secretion of malate and citrate from roots and Al precipitation by P in roots might be responsible for Al-tolerance of C. sinensis. qRT-PCR analysis showed that Al-activated malate transporter (ALMT1), ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (ATP-PFK), pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK), tonoplast adenosine-triphosphatase subunit A (V-ATPase A), tonoplast pyrophosphatase (V-PPiase), pyruvate kinase (PK), acid phosphatase (APase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malic enzyme (ME) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) genes might contribute to the tolerance of Citrus to Al and/or P-deficiency, but any single gene could not explain the differences between the two species. Citrus tolerance to Al and/or P-deficiency might be caused by the coordinated regulation of gene expression involved in alternative glycolytic pathways, P scavenging and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
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