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Varghese R, S UK, C GPD, Ramamoorthy S. Unraveling the versatility of CCD4: Metabolic engineering, transcriptomic and computational approaches. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110991. [PMID: 34315605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are economically valuable isoprenoids synthesized by plants and microorganisms, which play a paramount role in their overall growth and development. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are a vast group of enzymes that specifically cleave thecarotenoids to produce apocarotenoids. Recently, CCDs are a subject of talk because of their contributions to different aspects of plant growth and due to their significance in the production of economically valuable apocarotenoids. Among them, CCD4 stands unique because of its versatility in performing metabolic roles. This review focuses on the multiple functionalities of CCD4 like pigmentation, volatile apocarotenoid production, stress responses, etc. Interestingly, through our literature survey we arrived at a conclusion that CCD4 could perform functions of other carotenoid cleaving enzymes.The metabolic engineering, transcriptomic, and computational approaches adopted to reveal the contributions of CCD4 were also considered here for the study.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to delve into the evolutionary relationships of CCD4 in different plant groups. A tree of 81CCD genes from 64 plant species was constructed, signifying the presence of well-conserved families. Gene structures were illustrated and the difference in the number and position of exons could be considered as a factor behind functional versatility and substrate tolerance of CCD4 in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Udhaya Kumar S
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Cuong DM, Kim JK, Jeon J, Kim TJ, Park JS, Park SU. Expression of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes and Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Seedling Development of Momordica charantia. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids belong to a large group of secondary metabolites, and have pivotal roles in plants, including photosynthesis and phytohormone synthesis, pigmentation, and membrane stabilization. Additionally, carotenoids are potent antioxidants, and their health benefits are becoming increasingly prominent. In recent years, carotenoids have been studied in many plants. Furthermore, gene expression, as well as carotenoid accumulation in different parts of the bitter melon, has been investigated; however, it has not been studied in bitter melon seedlings. In this study, carotenoid accumulation and transcript levels of McGGPPS1, McGGPPS2, McPSY, McPDS, McZDS, McLCYB, McLCYE1, McLCYE2, McCXHB, and McZEP, involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, were analyzed during seedling development using HPLC and qRT-PCR. The major carotenoids that accumulated in the bitter melon seedlings were lutein and E-β-carotene. The expression of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes increased during seedling development, consistent with the accumulation of violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13Z-β-carotene, E-β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene in bitter melon seedlings. The results of this study provide a firm basis for comprehending the link between gene expression and carotenoid concentration in bitter melon seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Manh Cuong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
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Cuong DM, Arasu MV, Jeon J, Park YJ, Kwon SJ, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU. Medically important carotenoids from Momordica charantia and their gene expressions in different organs. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1913-1919. [PMID: 29551944 PMCID: PMC5851905 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, found in the fruit and different organs of bitter melon (Momordica charantia), have attracted great attention for their potential health benefits in treating several major chronic diseases. Therefore, study related to the identification and quantification of the medically important carotenoid metabolites is highly important for the treatment of various disorderes. The present study involved in the identification and quantification of the various carotenoids present in the different organs of M. charantia and the identification of the genes responsible for the accumulation of the carotenoids with respect to the transcriptome levels were investigated. In this study, using the transcriptome database of bitter melon, a partial-length cDNA clone encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (McGGPPS2), and several full-length cDNA clones encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (McGGPPS1), zeta-carotene desaturase (McZDS), lycopene beta-cyclase (McLCYB), lycopene epsilon cyclases (McLCYE1 and McLCYE2), beta-carotene hydroxylase (McCHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (McZEP) were identified in bitter melon. The expression levels of the mRNAs encoding these eight putative biosynthetic enzymes, as well as the accumulation of lycopene, α-carotene, lutein, 13Z-β-carotene, E-β-carotene, 9Z-β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin were investigated in different organs from M. charantia as well as in the four different stages of its fruit maturation. Transcripts were found to be constitutively expressed at high levels in the leaves where carotenoids were also found at the highest levels. Collectively, these results indicate that the putative McGGPPS2, McZDS, McLCYB, McLCYE1, McLCYE2, and McCHXB enzymes might be key factors in controlling carotenoid content in bitter melon. In conclusion, the over expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes from M. charantia crops to increase the yield of these medically important carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Manh Cuong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Addiriyah Research Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ji Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jae Kwon
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Addiriyah Research Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
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Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Rodrigo MJ, Avalos J, Limón MC. Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1781. [PMID: 27792173 PMCID: PMC5133782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds widespread in all major taxonomic groups, where they play important roles in different physiological processes. In addition, apocarotenoids include compounds with high economic value in food and cosmetics industries. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis starts with the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a family of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in carotenoid backbones through a similar molecular mechanism, generating aldehyde or ketone groups in the cleaving ends. From the identification of the first CCD enzyme in plants, an increasing number of CCDs have been identified in many other species, including microorganisms, proving to be a ubiquitously distributed and evolutionarily conserved enzymatic family. This review focuses on CCDs from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, describing recent progress in their functions and regulatory mechanisms in relation to the different roles played by the apocarotenoids in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Ningrum A, Schreiner M. Carotenoid-cleavage activities of crude enzymes from Pandanous amryllifolius. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:1871-81. [PMID: 25408328 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid degradation products, known as norisoprenoids, are aroma-impact compounds in several plants. Pandan wangi is a common name of the shrub Pandanus amaryllifolius. The genus name 'Pandanus' is derived from the Indonesian name of the tree, pandan. In Indonesia, the leaves from the plant are used for several purposes, e.g., as natural colorants and flavor, and as traditional treatments. The aim of this study was to determine the cleavage of β-carotene and β-apo-8'-carotenal by carotenoid-cleavage enzymes isolated from pandan leaves, to investigate dependencies of the enzymatic activities on temperature and pH, to determine the enzymatic reaction products by using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrophotometry (HS-SPME GC/MS), and to investigate the influence of heat treatment and addition of crude enzyme on formation of norisoprenoids. Crude enzymes from pandan leaves showed higher activity against β-carotene than β-apo-8'-carotenal. The optimum temperature of crude enzymes was 70°, while the optimum pH value was 6. We identified β-ionone as the major volatile reaction product from the incubations of two different carotenoid substrates, β-carotene and β-apo-8'-carotenal. Several treatments, e.g., heat treatment and addition of crude enzymes in pandan leaves contributed to the norisoprenoid content. Our findings revealed that the crude enzymes from pandan leaves with carotenoid-cleavage activity might provide a potential application, especially for biocatalysis, in natural-flavor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriati Ningrum
- Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, AT-1190 Vienna (phone: +43-6764770497); Department of Food Science and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Flora No. 1, Bulak Sumur, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Tuan PA, Kim YB, Kim JK, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU. Molecular characterization of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and carotenoid accumulation in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 14:146-57. [PMID: 26417348 PMCID: PMC4556017 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis has a wide range of biological activities and has been considered as an important traditional drug in Asia and North America for centuries. A partial-length cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase (SbPSY) and full-length cDNA clonesencoding phytoene desaturase (SbPDS), ξ-carotene desaturase (SbZDS), β-ring carotene hydroxylase (SbCHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (SbZEP)were identifiedin S. baicalensis. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins share high identity and conserved domains with their orthologous genes. SbPSY, SbPDS, SbZDS, SbCHXB, and SbZEP were constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of S.baicalensis. SbPSY, SbPDS, and SbZDS were highly expressed in the stems, leaves, and flowers and showed low expression in the roots, where only trace amounts of carotenoids were detected. SbCHXB and SbZEP transcripts were expressed at relatively high levels in the roots, stems, and flowers and were expressed at low levels in the leaves, where carotenoids were mostly distributed. The predominant carotenoids in S.baicalensiswere lutein and β-carotene, with abundant amounts found in the leaves (517.19 and 228.37 μg g-1 dry weight, respectively). Our study on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in S. baicalensis will provide basic data for elucidating the contribution of carotenoids to the considerable medicinal properties of S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Yeon Bok Kim
- Herbal Crop Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, Bisanro 92, Eumseong, Chungbuk, 369-873, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea ; Visiting Professor Program (VPP), King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tuan PA, Kim JK, Lee S, Chae SC, Park SU. Molecular characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases and the effect of gibberellin, abscisic acid, and sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and carotenoid accumulation in the callus of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5565-5572. [PMID: 23683071 DOI: 10.1021/jf401401w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three cDNAs encoding carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (SbCCD1, SbCCD4, and SbNCED) were isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis , an important traditional herb in Asia and North America. Amino acid sequence alignments showed that they share high identity and similarity to their orthologs in other plant species. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that SbCCD1 and SbCCD4 were most strongly expressed in flowers, whereas SbNCED was expressed at the highest level in roots. The expression levels of phytoene synthase (SbPSY), phytoene desaturase (SbPDS), ξ-carotene desaturase (SbZDS), β-ring carotene hydroxylase (SbCHXB), zeaxanthin epoxidase (SbZEP), SbCCD1, SbCCD4, and SbNCED in the callus of S. baicalensis varied under different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA). Under NaCl treatment, expression levels of all genes increased with increasing NaCl concentrations. Except for zeaxanthin, increasing GA3, ABA, and NaCl concentrations caused higher losses in the total carotenoid content. The total carotenoid content substantially decreased with increasing GA3, ABA, and NaCl concentrations, with the biggest reductions observed in the NaCl treatment. The isolation and characterization of SbCCD1, SbCCD4, and SbNCED together with the study on the effect of GA3, ABA, and NaCl on carotenoid biosynthesis will be helpful to elucidate the carotenoid biosynthesis mechanism in S. baicalensis and may set new trends in metabolic engineering of carotenoids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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