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Physiological Basis of Smut Infectivity in the Early Stages of Sugar Cane Colonization. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010044. [PMID: 33445484 PMCID: PMC7827540 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar cane smut (Sporisorium scitamineum) interactions have been traditionally considered from the plant’s point of view: How can resistant sugar cane plants defend themselves against smut disease? Resistant plants induce several defensive mechanisms that oppose fungal attacks. Herein, an overall view of Sporisorium scitamineum’s mechanisms of infection and the defense mechanisms of plants are presented. Quorum sensing effects and a continuous reorganization of cytoskeletal components, where actin, myosin, and microtubules are required to work together, seem to be some of the keys to a successful attack.
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Sterling RM, Santiago R, de Armas R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Increase in cytotoxic lignans production after smut infection in sugar cane plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153087. [PMID: 31816510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smut infection alters the transcription of dirigent proteins (DIR) by sugarcane plants. Here, we show that these alterations are associated to an elevated production of cytotoxic lignans. Smut-resistant sugarcane varieties display a fivefold increase in pinoresinol and also produce elevated amounts of secoisolariciresinol. Conversely, smut-sensitive varieties do not produce pinoresinol or secoisolariciresinol upon infection, synthesizing instead small amounts of matairesinol. Our data indicate that commercial pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol seem to prevent smut teliospore germination and sporidia release from sprouted teliospores. Consistently, we observed abundant morphological alterations of sporidia incubated in the presence of these lignans. However, commercial lignans do not block the development of the pathogen in a definitive way. Additional experiments demonstrate that only the extracts from healthy or smut-exposed resistant plants inhibit sporidia growth in vitro, indicating that a specific mixture of lignans from resistant plants is necessary to constitute an effective defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto M Sterling
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto de Armas
- Department of Plant Biology, Havana University, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Legaz
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sugarcane glycoproteins control dynamics of cytoskeleton during teliospore germination of Sporisorium scitamineum. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sánchez-Elordi E, de Los Ríos LM, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Polyamines levels increase in smut teliospores after contact with sugarcane glycoproteins as a plant defensive mechanism. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:405-417. [PMID: 30864048 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have already highlighted the correlation between Sporisorium scitamineum pathogenicity and sugarcane polyamine accumulation. It was shown that high infectivity correlates with an increase in the amount of spermidine, spermine and cadaverine conjugated to phenols in the sensitive cultivars whereas resistant plants mainly produce free putrescine. However, these previous studies did not clarify the role of these polyamides in the disorders caused to the plant. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to clarify the effect of polyamines on the development of smut disease. In this paper, commercial polyamines were firstly assayed on smut teliospores germination. Secondly, effects were correlated to changes in endogenous polyamines after contact with defense sugarcane glycoproteins. Low concentrations of spermidine significantly activated teliospore germination, while putrescine had no activating effect on germination. Interestingly, it was observed that the diamine caused nuclear decondensation and breakage of the teliospore cell wall whereas the treatment of teliospores with spermidine did not induce nuclear decondensation or cell wall breakdown. Moreover, the number of polymerized microtubules increased in the presence of 7.5 mM spermidine but it decreased with putrescine which indicates that polyamines effects on Sporisorium scitamineum teliospore germination could be mediated through microtubules interaction. An increased production of polyamines in smut teliospores has been related to sugarcane resistance to the disease. Teliospores incubation with high molecular mass glycoproteins (HMMG) from the uninoculated resistant variety of sugarcane, Mayari 55-14, caused an increase of the insoluble fraction of putrescine, spermidine and spermine inside the teliospore cells. Moreover, the level of the soluble fraction of spermidine (S fraction) increased inside teliospores and the excess was released to the medium. The HMMG glycoproteins purified from Mayarí 55-14 plants previously inoculated with the pathogen significantly increased the levels of both retained and secreted soluble putrescine and spermidine. Polyamines levels did not increase in teliospores after incubation with HMMG produced by non resistant variety Barbados 42231 which could be related to the incapacity of these plants to defend themselves against smut disease. Thus, a hypothesis about the role of polyamines in sugarcane-smut interaction is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Morales de Los Ríos
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Estrella Legaz
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Contreras R, de Armas R, Benito MC, Alarcón B, de Oliveira E, Del Mazo C, Díaz-Peña EM, Santiago R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Differential expression of SofDIR16 and SofCAD genes in smut resistant and susceptible sugarcane cultivars in response to Sporisorium scitamineum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:103-113. [PMID: 29753910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic profiling of the stalk of a smut resistant and a susceptible sugarcane cultivars revealed the presence of dirigent and dirigent-like proteins in abundance in the pool of high molecular mass (HMMG) and mid-molecular mass (MMMG) glycoproteins, produced as part of the defensive response to the fungal smut pathogen. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that expression levels of SofDIR16 (sugarcane dirigent16) and SofCAD (sugarcane cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) were higher in the smut resistant My 55-14 cultivar than in the sensitive B 42231 cultivar prior to infection. Inoculation with fungal sporidia or water decreased the level of SofCAD transcripts in My 55-14, indicating that regulation of SofCAD expression does not take part of the specific response to smut infection. In contrast, SofDIR16 expression was almost nullified in My 55-14 after inoculation with fungal sporidia, but not after water injection. It is proposed that the decreased expression of dirigent proteins induces the formation of lignans, which are involved in the defense response of the smut resistant My 55-14 cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Contreras
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario C Benito
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Alarcón
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliandre de Oliveira
- Plataforma de Proteómica, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Mazo
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Díaz-Peña
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Geographical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María E Legaz
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Peters LP, Carvalho G, Vilhena MB, Creste S, Azevedo RA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Functional analysis of oxidative burst in sugarcane smut-resistant and -susceptible genotypes. PLANTA 2017; 245:749-764. [PMID: 28004180 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Smut pathogen induced an early modulation of the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species during defence responses in resistant sugarcane that coincided with the developmental stages of fungal growth. Sporisorium scitamineum is the causal agent of sugarcane smut disease. In this study, we characterized sugarcane reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in response to the pathogen in smut-resistant and -susceptible genotypes. Sporisorium scitamineum teliospore germination and appressorium formation coincided with H2O2 accumulation in resistant plants. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not responsive in any of the genotypes; however, a higher number of isoenzymes were detected in resistant plants. In addition, related to resistance were lipid peroxidation, a decrease in catalase (CAT), and an increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and an earlier transcript accumulation of ROS marker genes (CAT3, CATA, CATB, GST31, GSTt3, and peroxidase 5-like). Furthermore, based on proteomic data, we suggested that the source of the increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may be due to a protein of the class III peroxidase, which was inhibited in the susceptible genotype. H2O2 is sensed and probably transduced through overlapping systems related to ascorbate-glutathione and thioredoxin to influence signalling pathways, as revealed by the presence of thioredoxin h-type, ascorbate peroxidase, and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the infected resistant plants. Altogether, our data depicted the balance of the oxidative burst and antioxidant enzyme activity in the outcome of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila P Peters
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Giselle Carvalho
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Current address: Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Milca B Vilhena
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Silvana Creste
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Cana-IAC/APTA, Rod. Antonio Duarte Nogueira, Km 321, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Claudia B Monteiro-Vitorello
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
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