1
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Zou Y, Huang Y, Zhang D, Chen H, Liang Y, Hao M, Yin Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Chlorophyll Deficiency in Ilex × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' Mutant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1284. [PMID: 38794356 PMCID: PMC11124982 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ilex × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' represents a yellow leaf mutant originating from I. × attenuata 'Foster#2', a popular ornamental woody cultivar. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this leaf color mutation remain unclear. Using a comprehensive approach encompassing cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic methodologies, notable distinctions were discerned between the mutant specimen and its wild type. The mutant phenotype displayed aberrant chloroplast morphology, diminished chlorophyll content, heightened carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios, and a decelerated rate of plant development. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. The up-regulation of CHLD and CHLI subunits leads to decreased magnesium chelatase activity, while the up-regulation of COX10 increases heme biosynthesis-both impair chlorophyll synthesis. Conversely, the down-regulation of HEMD hindered chlorophyll synthesis, and the up-regulation of SGR enhanced chlorophyll degradation, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content. Additionally, genes linked to carotenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid metabolism, and photosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. We also identified 311 putative differentially expressed transcription factors, including bHLHs and GLKs. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color mutation in I. × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' and provide a substantial gene reservoir for enhancing leaf color through breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zou
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Qinghao Landscape Horticulture Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211225, China
| | - Yajian Huang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Donglin Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Youwang Liang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingzhuo Hao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Qinghao Landscape Horticulture Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211225, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
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2
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Yu R, Cao X, Liu J, Nie R, Zhang C, Yuan M, Huang Y, Liu X, Zheng W, Wang C, Wu T, Su B, Kang Z, Zeng Q, Han D, Wu J. Using UAV-Based Temporal Spectral Indices to Dissect Changes in the Stay-Green Trait in Wheat. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 6:0171. [PMID: 38694449 PMCID: PMC11062509 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Stay-green (SG) in wheat is a beneficial trait that increases yield and stress tolerance. However, conventional phenotyping techniques limited the understanding of its genetic basis. Spectral indices (SIs) as non-destructive tools to evaluate crop temporal senescence provide an alternative strategy. Here, we applied SIs to monitor the senescence dynamics of 565 diverse wheat accessions from anthesis to maturation stages over 2 field seasons. Four SIs (normalized difference vegetation index, green normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference red edge index, and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index) were normalized to develop relative stay-green scores (RSGS) as the SG indicators. An RSGS-based genome-wide association study identified 47 high-confidence quantitative trait loci (QTL) harboring 3,079 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with SG and 1,085 corresponding candidate genes. Among them, 15 QTL overlapped or were adjacent to known SG-related QTL/genes, while the remaining QTL were novel. Notably, a set of favorable haplotypes of SG-related candidate genes such as TraesCS2A03G1081100, TracesCS6B03G0356400, and TracesCS2B03G1299500 are increasing following the Green Revolution, further validating the feasibility of the pipeline. This study provided a valuable reference for further quantitative SG and genetic research in diverse wheat panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruiqi Nie
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chuanliang Zhang
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanchuan Huang
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinzhe Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dejun Han
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- College of Agronomy,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production,
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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3
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Ng HM, Gondo T, Tanaka H, Akashi R. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of NYC1 gene enhances chlorophyll retention and reduces tillering in Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:50. [PMID: 38305919 PMCID: PMC10837251 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied to Z. matrella 'Wakaba', and knockout mutants of ZmNYC1 gene exhibited stay-green phenotype and reduced tillering. Zoysia matrella is a widely used C4 warm-season turfgrass for landscaping, golf courses, and sports fields. Here, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the Non-Yellow Coloring1 (ZmNYC1) gene in the highly heterozygous allotetraploid Z. matrella 'Wakaba', aiming to generate a novel stay-green variety. Of 441 Agrobacterium-infected calli, 22 (5.0%) were transformed, and 14 of these (63.6%) showed targeted mutations through cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed mutations mostly consisting of 1 or 2 bp indels, occurring 2 to 4 bp upstream of the PAM sequence. Regenerated plants exhibited five ZmNYC1 target locus genotypes, including homozygous mutants with a complete knockout of all four alleles in the T0 generation. Under dark treatment, ZmNYC1-mutated plants displayed suppressed chlorophyll b (Chl b) degradation, leading to higher chlorophyll content and Chl b, with a lower chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio compared to the wild type (WT). However, the ZmNYC1 mutation also inhibited plant growth in homozygous mutant genotypes, exhibiting reduced tillering compared to WT. Additionally, during winter simulation, mutant with a complete knockout retained greenness longer than the WT. This is the first successful use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in zoysiagrass. The mutants of the ZmNYC1 gene would serve as valuable breeding material for developing improved zoysiagrass varieties that can maintain their green color for longer periods, even during winter dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan May Ng
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Gondo
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Nakashima S, Yamakita E. In Situ Visible Spectroscopic Daily Monitoring of Senescence of Japanese Maple ( Acer palmatum) Leaves. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2030. [PMID: 37895412 PMCID: PMC10608717 DOI: 10.3390/life13102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of green leaves in autumn after their photosynthetic activities is associated with decreases in chlorophylls and increases in anthocyanins. However, the sequential orders of these processes are not well understood because of a lack of continuous monitoring of leaves in the same positions. Therefore, the senescence processes of Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) leaves were followed daily in the same positions for approximately 60 days using visible spectroscopy with an original handheld visible-near-infrared spectrometer. The obtained reflection spectra were converted to absorption spectra and band areas of chlorophyll a and anthocyanins were determined. Decreases in the chlorophyll a band area with time show two-step exponential decreases corresponding to slow and fast first-order decrease rates. A rapid decrease in chlorophyll a started after an increase in anthocyanin. Therefore, the leaf senescence started through a slow decrease in chlorophyll a (20-30 days), followed by a rapid increase in anthocyanins (~20 days), followed by a rapid decrease in chlorophyll a (10-20 days). The formation of anthocyanins has been proposed to protect leaf cells from losing chlorophylls through solar radiation damage. The obtained sequential changes of pigments support this light screen hypothesis. (199 words < 200 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakashima
- Research Institute for Natural Environment, Science and Technology (RINEST), 3-6-32 1F Tarumi-cho, Suita 564-0062, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Eri Yamakita
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Kim JY, Kim JH, Jang YH, Yu J, Bae S, Kim MS, Cho YG, Jung YJ, Kang KK. Transcriptome and Metabolite Profiling of Tomato SGR-Knockout Null Lines Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010109. [PMID: 36613549 PMCID: PMC9820150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stay-green 1 (SGR1) protein is a critical regulator of chlorophyll degradation and senescence in plant leaves; however, the functions of tomato SGR1 remain ambiguous. Here, we generated an SGR1-knockout (KO) null line via clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-mediated gene editing and conducted RNA sequencing and gas chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Solanum lycopersicum SGR1 (SlSGR1) knockout null line clearly showed a turbid brown color with significantly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid levels than those in the wild-type (WT) fruit. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 728 DEGs between WT and sgr#1-6 line, including 263 and 465 downregulated and upregulated genes, respectively, with fold-change >2 and adjusted p-value < 0.05. Most of the DEGs have functions related to photosynthesis, chloroplasts, and carotenoid biosynthesis. The strong changes in pigment and carotenoid content resulted in the accumulation of key primary metabolites, such as sucrose and its derivatives (fructose, galactinol, and raffinose), glycolytic intermediates (glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate), and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (malate and fumarate) in the leaves and fruit of the SGR-KO null lines. Overall, the SGR1-KO null lines developed here provide new evidence for the mechanisms underlying the roles of SGR1 as well as the molecular pathways involved in photosynthesis, chloroplasts, and carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Jang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Me-Sun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.J.J.); (K.K.K.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5101 (Y.J.J.); +82-31-670-5104 (K.K.K.)
| | - Kwon Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.J.J.); (K.K.K.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5101 (Y.J.J.); +82-31-670-5104 (K.K.K.)
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6
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Huang H, Ji H, Ju S, Lin W, Li J, Lv X, Lin L, Guo L, Qiu D, Yan J, Ma X. Pantranscriptome combined with phenotypic quantification reveals germplasm kinship and regulation network of bract color variation in Bougainvillea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018846. [PMID: 36466294 PMCID: PMC9713818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bracts are the metamorphic non-flower organ in angiosperm plants. The variation of the color and shape of bracts was found to be neo-functionalized (i.e., similar to petals), garnering research interest as a pollinator attractor. Bougainvillea is known for its specialized, large, and colorful bracts, which contrast with its tiny colorless flowers. As a plant whose bracts vary greatly in terms of coloration, the molecular mechanisms for Bougainvillea bract coloration and polychroism are largely unknown. The lack of genomic information for Bougainvillea largely hinders studies into the evolution and genetic basis of bract color variation. In this study, a pan-transcriptome of bracts obtained from 18 Bougainvillea glabra accessions was employed to investigate the global population-level germplasm kinship and the gene regulation network for bract color variation. Our results showed that the bracts of B. glabra accessions have largely differentiated International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L-a-b values. Moreover, germplasm kinship detected using principal component analysis, phylogeny, and admixture analysis showed three optimal subgroups, two of them distinctly clustered, which were not directly correlated with bract color variation at the population level. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between accessions of high vs. low L-a-b values revealed several considerable upregulated genes related to bract color L-a-b variation. A weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and eight co-expressed regulation modules were identified that were highly correlated with variation in bract CIE L-a-b color values. Several candidate DEGs and co-expressed hub genes (e.g., GERD, SGR, ABCA3, GST, CYP76AD1, CYP76C, and JAZ) that were tightly associated with bract color variation were eventually determined responsible for L-a-b colorations, which might be the core regulation factors contributing to the B. glabra bract color variation. This study provides valuable insights into the research on germplasm kinship, population-level pan-transcriptome expression profiles, and the molecular basis of color variation of key innovative bracts in horticultural Bougainvillea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxing Huang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Yuanshan Institute of Bougainvillea in Longhai, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Ji
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Song Ju
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuanrui Lv
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lixian Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lijin Guo
- International Magnesium Institute, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Yan
- Yuanshan Institute of Bougainvillea in Longhai, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokai Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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7
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Ito H, Saito H, Fukui M, Tanaka A, Arakawa K. Poplar leaf abscission through induced chlorophyll breakdown by Mg-dechelatase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111444. [PMID: 36031022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is observed during senescence. The first step in chlorophyll breakdown is the removal of central Mg by Mg-dechelatase. This reaction is the rate-limiting step in the chlorophyll breakdown pathway. We evaluated the effect of induced chlorophyll breakdown on abscission through the removal of Mg by Mg-dechelatase. Poplar transformants carrying the dexamethasone-inducible Mg-dechelatase gene were prepared using the Arabidopsis Stay-Green1 cDNA. When leaves were treated with dexamethasone, chlorophyll was degraded, photosynthetic capacity was reduced, and an abscission zone was formed, resulting in leaf abscission. In addition, ethylene, which plays an important role during senescence, was produced in this process. Thus, chlorophyll breakdown induces the phenotype in the same way as commonly observed during leaf senescence. This study suggests a physiological role of chlorophyll breakdown in the leaf abscission of deciduous trees. Furthermore, this study shows that the dexamethasone-inducible gene expression system is an available option for deciduous tree studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Manabu Fukui
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Keita Arakawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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8
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Dey D, Nishijima M, Tanaka R, Kurisu G, Tanaka H, Ito H. Crystal structure and reaction mechanism of a bacterial Mg-dechelatase homolog from the Chloroflexi Anaerolineae. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4430. [PMID: 36173179 PMCID: PMC9514216 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation plays a myriad of physiological roles in photosynthetic organisms, including acclimation to light environment and nutrient remobilization during senescence. Mg extraction from chlorophyll a is the first and committed step of the chlorophyll degradation pathway. This reaction is catalyzed by the Mg-dechelatase enzyme encoded by Stay-Green (SGR). The reaction mechanism of SGR protein remains elusive since metal ion extraction from organic molecules is not a common enzymatic reaction. Additionally, experimentally derived structural information about SGR or its homologs has not yet been reported. In this study, the crystal structure of the SGR homolog from Anaerolineae bacterium was determined using the molecular replacement method at 1.85 Å resolution. Our previous study showed that three residues-H32, D34, and D62 are essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Biochemical analysis involving mutants of D34 residue further strengthened its importance in the functioning of the dechelatase. Docking simulation also revealed the interaction between the D34 side chain and central Mg ion of chlorophyll a. Structural analysis showed the arrangement of D34/H32/D62 in the form of a catalytic triad that is generally found in hydrolases. The probable reaction mechanism suggests that deprotonated D34 side chain coordinates and destabilizes Mg, resulting in Mg extraction. Besides, H32 possibly acts as a general base catalyst and D62 facilitates H32 to be a better proton acceptor. Taken together, the reaction mechanism of SGR partially mirrors the one observed in hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Dey
- Graduate School of Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Institute of Low Temperature ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | | | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein ResearchOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Institute for Protein ResearchOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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9
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Li C, Zhu J, Cheng Y, Hou J, Sun L, Ge Y. Acibenzolar-S-methyl activates mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to mediate chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in the exocarp of Docteur Jules Guyot pears. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4435-4445. [PMID: 35092628 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a well-known plant activator, has been used to protect fruit and vegetable from fungal invasion and maintain quality. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of ASM in regulating chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms. Therefore, Docteur Jules Guyot pears were used as the materials to study the changes of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, transcription factors, chlorophyll, and carotenoid metabolisms after ASM and PD98059 (a MAPK cascade blocker) treatments. RESULTS ASM increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and H2 O2 content, promoted PcMAPKKK1, PcMAPKK3, and PcMAPK6 expressions, and down-regulated PcMYC2, PcPIF1, PcPIF3, and PcPIF4 expressions in exocarp of pears. ASM also delayed the decrease of chlorophyll a and b contents, and inhibited the accumulation of β-carotene, lycopene and lutein, PcNYC1, PcHCAR, PcPPH, PcSGR1/2, PcPAO, PcPSY, PcLCYB, PcCRTZ2, PcCCS1 expressions, and promoted PcLCYE expression. PD98059 + ASM treatments depressed SOD and NOX activities and H2 O2 content, inhibited PcMAPKKK1, PcMAPKK3, PcMAPK6, PcPIF1, and PcPIF3 expressions, and promoted PcMYC2 and PcPIF4 expressions in exocarp of pears. Additionally, PD98059 + ASM accelerated PcNYC1, PcHCAR, PcPPH, PcSGR1/2, PcPAO, PcPSY, PcCYB, PcCRTZ2, and PcCCS1 expressions, thereby reducing chlorophyll a and b contents, and promoting β-carotene, lycopene and lutein contents. CONCLUSIONS Postharvest ASM treatment promoted the production of H2 O2 to activate the MAPK cascade, then phosphorylated/dephosphorylated transcription factors expression, and delayed chlorophyll decomposition and carotenoid synthesis in pears. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canying Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiabao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Ma L, Zeng N, Cheng K, Li J, Wang K, Zhang C, Zhu H. Changes in fruit pigment accumulation, chloroplast development, and transcriptome analysis in the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Stay-green 1 (slsgr1) mutant. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The green-flesh (gf) mutant of the tomato fruit ripen to a muddy brown color and has been demonstrated previously to be a loss-of-function mutant. Here, we provide more evidence to support this view that SlSGR1 is involved in color change in ripening tomato fruits. Knocking out SlSGR1 expression using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome editing strategy showed obviously a muddy brown color with significantly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content compared with wild-type (WT) fruits. To further verify the role of SlSGR1 in fruit color change, we performed transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, where a total of 354 differentially expressed genes (124/230 downregulated/upregulated) were identified between WT and slsgr1. Additionally, the expression of numerous genes associated with photosynthesis and chloroplast function changed significantly when SlSGR1 was knocked out. Taken together, these results indicate that SlSGR1 is involved in color change in ripening fruit via chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis.
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11
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Research Progress in the Interconversion, Turnover and Degradation of Chlorophyll. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113134. [PMID: 34831365 PMCID: PMC8621299 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls, Chl a and Chl b) are tetrapyrrole molecules essential for photosynthetic light harvesting and energy transduction in plants. Once formed, Chls are noncovalently bound to photosynthetic proteins on the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, they are dismantled from photosystems in response to environmental changes or developmental processes; thus, they undergo interconversion, turnover, and degradation. In the last twenty years, fruitful research progress has been achieved on these Chl metabolic processes. The discovery of new metabolic pathways has been accompanied by the identification of enzymes associated with biochemical steps. This article reviews recent progress in the analysis of the Chl cycle, turnover and degradation pathways and the involved enzymes. In addition, open questions regarding these pathways that require further investigation are also suggested.
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12
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Indrawati R, Zubaidah E, Sutrisno A, Limantara L, Brotosudarmo THP. Remnant photosynthetic pigments in tea dregs: identification, composition, and potential use as antibacterial photosensitizer. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of tea dregs is continually increasing along with the growth of people's interest in ready-to-drink beverages. However, the recent development of research on the use of tea dregs is still very limited. The present study was aimed to identify the remnant photosynthetic pigments in tea dregs, determine their composition, and evaluate their potential use as natural antibacterial agents based on light-induced reaction (photosensitization). The tea dregs from six commercial teas, consisting of green and black teas, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array detector, and the spectroscopic data were analyzed from 350 to 700 nm. Pigment identification was performed based on spectral characteristics, and pigment composition in the extracts from the dregs was determined by a three-dimensional multi-chromatogram analysis method. The dominant pigment fractions in both tea types were pheophytin a and its isomers, as well as pheophytin b. Although the dregs of black teas generally contain fewer remnant pigments, they possess residual chlorophyll b, which is not found in the dregs of green teas. In thirty-minutes illumination under 50 W red light-emitting diode, the presence of pigments from tea dregs caused up to 0.87 and 0.35 log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The disparity of pigments composition among tea types does not strongly influence their photosensitization activity against both bacteria. Hence, upon further application, the amount of total remnant pigments in the dregs could be taken as substantial consideration instead of tea types.
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13
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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14
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Lin YP, Charng YY. Chlorophyll dephytylation in chlorophyll metabolism: a simple reaction catalyzed by various enzymes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110682. [PMID: 33288004 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is composed of a tetrapyrrole ring and a phytol tail, which facilitate light energy absorbance and assembly with photosynthetic protein complexes, respectively. Chl dephytylation, the hydrolytic removal of the phytol tail, is considered a pivotal step in diverse physiological processes, such as Chl salvage during repair of the photosystem, the Chl cycle in the adjustment of antenna size, and Chl breakdown in leaf senescence and fruit maturation. Moreover, phytol is a component of the tocopherols, a major form of vitamin E that is essential in the human diet. This phytol mostly comes from Chl hydrolysis. However, the authentic enzyme responsible for Chl dephytylation has proved elusive. CHLOROPHYLLASE (CLH) which was discovered over a century ago, was the first enzyme found to have dephytylation activity in vitro, but its role in Chl metabolism has been questioned and remains under debate. Recently, novel dephytylases, i.e., PHEOPHYTINASE (PPH) and CHLOROPHYLL DEPHYTYLASE1 (CLD1) have emerged from genetic studies, indicating that dephytylation in Chl catabolism involves different players and is more complicated than previously thought. Based on sequence homology, substrate specificity, and subcellular localization, CLH, PPH, and CLD1 belong to different types of dephytylase, which prompted us to re-examine the dilemmas and missing links that still exist in Chl metabolism. This review thus focuses on the hitherto unanswered questions involving the Chl dephytylation reaction by highlighting relevant literature, updating recent progress, and synthesizing ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Institut of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Wang B, Zhang Y, Dong N, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Qi J. Comparative transcriptome analyses provide novel insights into etiolated shoot development of walnut (Juglans regia L.). PLANTA 2020; 252:74. [PMID: 33025156 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In general, genes promoting IAA, CTK GA and ethylene biosynthesis were upregulated, while genes participating in ABA, chlorophyll and starch biosynthesis pathways performed opposite tendency during etiolation. Etiolation as a method for rejuvenation plays an important role in the vegetative propagation of woody plants. However, the molecular mechanism of etiolated shoot development remains unclear. In this study, we investigated changes at different etiolation stages of Juglans regia. The histology and transcriptome of J. regia were analysed using etiolated stems, which were treated in darkness for 30, 60, 90 days. The results showed that the ratios of pith (Pi) diameter/stem diameter (D), cortex (Co) width/D, and phloem (Ph) width/D increased, while the ratio of xylem (Xy) width/D decreased after etiolation, and the difference in these ratios between etiolated stems and the control was more significant at 60 days than 90 days. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in pathways such as plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The difference in the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), sugar and chlorophyll between etiolated stems and the control increased with increasing treatment duration; in contrast, the concentrations of gibberellin (GA), zeatin (ZT), and starch, as well as the difference between the etiolated stems and control were lowest at 60 days among the three stages. On the whole, the positive effect of etiolation on the rejuvenation of walnut stems changed as the treatment period increased. The present investigation lays a foundation for future studies on the effect of etiolation on rejuvenation and for promoting the efficiency of vegetative propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ningguang Dong
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yonghao Chen
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yunqi Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanbin Hao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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16
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Ge J, Wu Y, Han Y, Qin C, Nie S, Liu S, Wang S, Yao S. Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the demineralization and thermal degradation behavior of eucalyptus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123246. [PMID: 32234588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) is of great significance for promoting biomass pyrolysis. In this study, demineralization via hydrothermal pretreatment was performed, and the effect on the pyrolysis behavior was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The effects of reaction temperature, time, and pH on the dissolution rate of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were investigated. The optimal total dissolution rate of the metal elements was 42.10%. Compared with acid leaching, hydrothermal pretreatment allowed a higher crystallinity index. It significantly changed the pyrolysis behavior. The relative content of sugar in pyrolysis products was as high as 58%. The chemical compound distribution was concentrated in the range between C6 and C9, which was conducive for the refinement of gasoline by upgrading. This means that hydrothermal pretreatment has efficient demineralization, which promoted the thermal degradation behavior of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Ge
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yuting Wu
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yushan Han
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shijie Liu
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry,1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, United States
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
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17
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Obata D, Takabayashi A, Tanaka R, Tanaka A, Ito H. Horizontal Transfer of Promiscuous Activity from Nonphotosynthetic Bacteria Contributed to Evolution of Chlorophyll Degradation Pathway. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2830-2841. [PMID: 31432082 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between enzymes and substrates does not perfectly match the "lock and key" model, because enzymes act on molecules other than their true substrate in different catalytic reactions. Such biologically nonfunctional reactions are called "promiscuous activities." Promiscuous activities are apparently useless, but they can be an important starting point for enzyme evolution. It has been hypothesized that enzymes with low promiscuous activity will show enhanced promiscuous activity under selection pressure and become new specialists through gene duplication. Although this is the prevailing scenario, there are two major problems: 1) it would not apply to prokaryotes because horizontal gene transfer is more significant than gene duplication and 2) there is no direct evidence that promiscuous activity is low without selection pressure. We propose a new scenario including various levels of promiscuous activity throughout a clade and horizontal gene transfer. STAY-GREEN (SGR), a chlorophyll a-Mg dechelating enzyme, has homologous genes in bacteria lacking chlorophyll. We found that some bacterial SGR homologs have much higher Mg-dechelating activities than those of green plant SGRs, while others have no activity, indicating that the level of promiscuous activity varies. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that a bacterial SGR homolog with high dechelating activity was horizontally transferred to a photosynthetic eukaryote. Some SGR homologs acted on various chlorophyll molecules that are not used as substrates by green plant SGRs, indicating that SGR acquired substrate specificity after transfer to eukaryotes. We propose that horizontal transfer of high promiscuous activity is one process of new enzyme acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Obata
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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Gao TM, Wei SL, Chen J, Wu Y, Li F, Wei LB, Li C, Zeng YJ, Tian Y, Wang DY, Zhang HY. Cytological, genetic, and proteomic analysis of a sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) mutant Siyl-1 with yellow-green leaf color. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:25-39. [PMID: 31677128 PMCID: PMC6942039 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both photosynthetic pigments and chloroplasts in plant leaf cells play an important role in deciding on the photosynthetic capacity and efficiency in plants. Systematical investigating the regulatory mechanism of chloroplast development and chlorophyll (Chl) content variation is necessary for clarifying the photosynthesis mechanism for crops. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the critical regulatory mechanism of leaf color mutation in a yellow-green leaf sesame mutant Siyl-1. METHODS We performed the genetic analysis of the yellow-green leaf color mutation using the F2 population of the mutant Siyl-1. We compared the morphological structure of the chloroplasts, chlorophyll content of the three genotypes of the mutant F2 progeny. We performed the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and compared the protein expression variation between the mutant progeny and the wild type. RESULTS Genetic analysis indicated that there were 3 phenotypes of the F2 population of the mutant Siyl-1, i.e., YY type with light-yellow leaf color (lethal); Yy type with yellow-green leaf color, and yy type with normal green leaf color. The yellow-green mutation was controlled by an incompletely dominant nuclear gene, Siyl-1. Compared with the wild genotype, the chloroplast number and the morphological structure in YY and Yy mutant lines varied evidently. The chlorophyll content also significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The 2-DE comparison showed that there were 98 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) among YY, Yy, and yy lines. All the 98 DEPs were classified into 5 functional groups. Of which 82.7% DEPs proteins belonged to the photosynthesis and energy metabolism group. CONCLUSION The results revealed the genetic character of yellow-green leaf color mutant Siyl-1. 98 DEPs were found in YY and Yy mutant compared with the wild genotype. The regulation pathway related with the yellow leaf trait mutation in sesame was analyzed for the first time. The findings supplied the basic theoretical and gene basis for leaf color and chloroplast development mechanism in sesame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Mei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuang-Ling Wei
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Feng Li
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Li-Bin Wei
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chun Li
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yan-Juan Zeng
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dong-Yong Wang
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Xu D, Wan J, Xu D, Luo T, Zhong Y, Yang X, Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang X. Chelation of metal ions with citric acid in the ammoniation process of wet‐process phosphoric acid. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Xu
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiali Wan
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dehua Xu
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tao Luo
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiushan Yang
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
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20
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Elucidating Drought Stress Tolerance in European Oaks Through Cross-Species Transcriptomics. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3181-3199. [PMID: 31395652 PMCID: PMC6778798 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of climate change that comes with a dramatic increase of long periods of extreme summer drought associated with heat is a fundamental challenge for European forests. As a result, forests are expected to shift their distribution patterns toward north-east, which may lead to a dramatic loss in value of European forest land. Consequently, unraveling key processes that underlie drought stress tolerance is not only of great scientific but also of utmost economic importance for forests to withstand future heat and drought wave scenarios. To reveal drought stress-related molecular patterns we applied cross-species comparative transcriptomics of three major European oak species: the less tolerant deciduous pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), the deciduous but quite tolerant pubescent oak (Q. pubescens), and the very tolerant evergreen holm oak (Q. ilex). We found 415, 79, and 222 differentially expressed genes during drought stress in Q. robur, Q. pubescens, and Q. ilex, respectively, indicating species-specific response mechanisms. Further, by comparative orthologous gene family analysis, 517 orthologous genes could be characterized that may play an important role in drought stress adaptation on the genus level. New regulatory candidate pathways and genes in the context of drought stress response were identified, highlighting the importance of the antioxidant capacity, the mitochondrial respiration machinery, the lignification of the water transport system, and the suppression of drought-induced senescence - providing a valuable knowledge base that could be integrated in breeding programs in the face of climate change.
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Ono K, Kimura M, Matsuura H, Tanaka A, Ito H. Jasmonate production through chlorophyll a degradation by Stay-Green in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 238:53-62. [PMID: 31136906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color change through chlorophyll degradation is a characteristic symptom of senescence. Magnesium removal from chlorophyll a is the initial step in chlorophyll a degradation, in a reaction catalyzed by Stay-Green (SGR). Arabidopsis thaliana has three SGR homologs, SGR1, SGR2, and SGR-like. When SGR1 is overexpressed, both chlorophyll a and b are degraded and leaves turn yellow. This process is visually identical to senescence, suggesting that SGR1 overexpression affects various physiological processes in plants. To examine this possibility, gene expression associated with chlorophyll metabolism and senescence was analyzed following dexamethasone-inducible SGR1 introduction into Arabidopsis. When SGR1 was overexpressed following 18 h of dexamethasone treatment, genes involved in chlorophyll degradation were upregulated, as were senescence-associated genes. These observations suggested that chlorophyll a degradation promotes senescence. As jasmonate is the plant hormone responsible for senescence and was expected to be involved in the regulation of gene expression after dexamethasone treatment, the level of jasmonoyl-isoleucine, the active form of jasmonate, was measured. The jasmonoyl-isoleucine level increased slightly after 10 h of SGR1 overexpression, and this increase became significant after 18 h. These observations suggest that jasmonate is produced through chlorophyll a degradation and affects the promotion of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Ono
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Madoka Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
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Transcriptome Profile of the Variegated Ficus microcarpa c.v. Milky Stripe Fig Leaf. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061338. [PMID: 30884842 PMCID: PMC6470861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic properties and transcriptomic profiles of green and white sectors of Ficus microcarpa (c.v. milky stripe fig) leaves were examined in naturally variegated plants. An anatomic analysis indicated that chloroplasts of the white sectors contained a higher abundance of starch granules and lacked stacked thylakoids. Moreover, no photosynthetic rate was detected in the white sectors. Transcriptome profile and differential expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that genes encoding PSII core proteins were down-regulated in the white sectors. In genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, no DEGs were identified in the biosynthesis pathway of chlorophyll. However, genes encoding the first step of chlorophyll breakdown were up-regulated. The repression of genes involved in N-assimilation suggests that the white sectors were deprived of N. The mutation in the transcription factor mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) suggests that it induces colorlessness in leaves of the milky stripe fig.
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Waqas M, Feng S, Amjad H, Letuma P, Zhan W, Li Z, Fang C, Arafat Y, Khan MU, Tayyab M, Lin W. Protein Phosphatase ( PP2C9) Induces Protein Expression Differentially to Mediate Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Rice under Nitrogen-Deficient Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2827. [PMID: 30235789 PMCID: PMC6163212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential element usually limiting in plant growth and a basic factor for increasing the input cost in agriculture. To ensure the food security and environmental sustainability it is urgently required to manage the N fertilizer. The identification or development of genotypes with high nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) which can grow efficiently and sustain yield in low N conditions is a possible solution. In this study, two isogenic rice genotypes i.e., wild-type rice kitaake and its transgenic line PP2C9TL overexpressed protein phosphatase gene (PP2C9) were used for comparative proteomics analysis at control and low level of N to identify specific proteins and encoding genes related to high NUE. 2D gel electrophoresis was used to perform the differential proteome analysis. In the leaf proteome, 30 protein spots were differentially expressed between the two isogenic lines under low N level which were involved in the process of energy, photosynthesis, N metabolism, signaling, and defense mechanisms. In addition, we have found that protein phosphatase enhances nitrate reductase activation by downregulation of SnRK1 and 14-3-3 proteins. Furthermore, we showed that PP2C9TL exhibits higher NUE than WT due to higher activity of nitrate reductase. This study provides new insights on the rice proteome which would be useful in the development of new strategies to increase NUE in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shizhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hira Amjad
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Puleng Letuma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenshan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Changxun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yasir Arafat
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Umar Khan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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