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Liu M, Sun L, Cao Y, Xu H, Zhou X. Acetylation proteomics and metabolomics analyses reveal the involvement of starch synthase undergoing acetylation modification during UV-B stress resistance in Rhododendron Chrysanthum Pall. Hereditas 2024; 161:15. [PMID: 38702800 PMCID: PMC11067277 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-024-00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum) is a plant that lives in high mountain with strong UV-B radiation, so R. chrysanthum possess resistance to UV-B radiation. The process of stress resistance in plants is closely related to metabolism. Lysine acetylation is an important post-translational modification, and this modification process is involved in a variety of biological processes, and affected the expression of enzymes in metabolic processes. However, little is known about acetylation proteomics during UV-B stress resistance in R. chrysanthum. RESULTS In this study, R. chrysanthum OJIP curves indicated that UV-B stress damaged the receptor side of the PSII reaction center, with a decrease in photosynthesis, a decrease in sucrose content and an increase in starch content. A total of 807 differentially expressed proteins, 685 differentially acetylated proteins and 945 acetylation sites were identified by quantitative proteomic and acetylation modification histological analysis. According to COG and subcellular location analyses, DEPs with post-translational modification of proteins and carbohydrate metabolism had important roles in resistance to UV-B stress and DEPs were concentrated in chloroplasts. KEGG analyses showed that DEPs were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolic pathways. Analysis of acetylation modification histology showed that the enzymes in the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways underwent acetylation modification and the modification levels were up-regulated. Further analysis showed that only GBSS and SSGBSS changed to DEPs after undergoing acetylation modification. Metabolomics analyses showed that the metabolite content of starch and sucrose metabolism in R. chrysanthum under UV-B stress. CONCLUSIONS Decreased photosynthesis in R. chrysanthum under UV-B stress, which in turn affects starch and sucrose metabolism. In starch synthesis, GBSS undergoes acetylation modification and the level is upregulated, promotes starch synthesis, making R. chrysanthum resistant to UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Li Sun
- Siping Central People's Hospital, Siping, China
| | - Yuhang Cao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Xiaofu Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China.
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He Y, Li H, Wu J, Li X, Zu Y, Zhan F, Li Y. Enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation alleviates structural damages on rice leaf caused by Magnaporthe oryzae infection. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:161-171. [PMID: 37428235 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation can change the interaction between crops and pathogens. The effects of single and compound stresses of enhanced UV-B radiation (5.0 kJ·m-2) and Magnaporthe oryzae on the morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of rice leaves were investigated. M. oryzae infection decreased the leaf area and thickness, reduced the stomatal area and density, and caused damages to the leaf ultrastructure, such as cytoplasm-cell wall separation, atrophy and sinking of fan-shaped bulliform cells, and chloroplast deformation. The enhanced UV-B radiation supplied before or during M. oryzae infection remarkably decreased the mycelia number of M. oryzae in leaf epidermis, increased the leaf area, leaf thickness, stomatal density, and mastoid number; and alleviated the ultrastructural damages induced by M. oryzae to keep an integral chloroplast. While the UV-B radiation was supplied after M. oryzae infection, its alleviation effects on the damages induced by M. oryzae infection on the morphology and structure of rice leaf were attenuated. Thus, the alleviation of enhanced UV-B radiation on damages induced by M. oryzae infection on rice leaves was related to its application period. The enhanced UV-B radiation supplied before or during M. oryzae infection allowed the rice leaf to resist M. oryzae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongru Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiong Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanqun Zu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Fangdong Zhan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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UVB Irradiation-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Lignin- and Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Indole/Tryptophan-Auxin-Responsive Genes in Rice Seedlings. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121618. [PMID: 35736769 PMCID: PMC9229965 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Global warming accelerates the destruction of the ozone layer, increasing the amount of UVB reaching the Earth’s surface, which in turn alters plant growth and development. The effects of UVB-induced alterations of plant secondary and cell wall metabolism were previously documented; however, there is little knowledge of its effects on rice seedlings during the developmental phase of leaves. In this study, we examined secondary metabolic responses to UVB stress using a transcriptomic approach, focusing on the biosynthetic pathways for lignin, flavonoid, and indole/tryptophan-auxin responses. As new leaves emerged, they were irradiated with UVB for 5 days (for 3 h/day−1). The genes encoding the enzymes related to lignin (4CL, CAD, and POD) and flavonoid biosynthesis (CHS, CHI, and FLS) were highly expressed on day 1 (younger leaves) and day 5 (older leaves) after UVB irradiation. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes related to tryptophan biosynthesis (AS, PRT, PRAI, IGPS, and TS) increased on day 3 of UVB irradiation, and the level of tryptophan increased and showed the same temporal pattern of occurrence as the expression of the cognate gene. Interestingly, the genes encoding BBX4 and BBX11, negative regulators of UVB signaling, and SAUR27 and SAUR55, auxin response enzymes, were downregulated on day 3 of UVB irradiation. When these results are taken together, they suggest that secondary metabolic pathways in rice seedlings are influenced by the interaction between UVB irradiation and the leaf developmental stage. Thus, the strategies of protection against, adaptation to, and mitigation of UVB might be delicately regulated, and, in this context, our data provide valuable information to understand UVB-induced secondary metabolism in rice seedlings.
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Chen M, Huang W, Yin Z, Zhang W, Kong Q, Wu S, Li W, Bai Z, Fernie AR, Huang X, Yan S. Environmentally-driven metabolite and lipid variations correspond to altered bioactivities of black wolfberry fruit. Food Chem 2022; 372:131342. [PMID: 34818746 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Black wolfberry is a commonly cultivated woody plant in China, and is rich in nutrients that are beneficial for human. To characterize the endogenous metabolite differences among black wolfberry fruits grown in different geographical regions, mass spectrometry-based metabolomic and lipidomic analyses were performed in black wolfberry grown in nine locations throughout five provinces in China, from which 204 primary and specialized metabolites, and 267 lipids were identified in their fruits. Three samples from Alxa Left Banner, Jinta, and Minqin showed dramatically altered metabolite profiles, displaying higher levels of phenolic acids, soluble sugars and flavonoids, but lower levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and aromatic amino acids. Moreover, the lipid profile of the Alxa Left Banner sample was strikingly distinct from all other samples, with high levels of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, which are positively correlated with their anti-inflammatory capacities. These findings thus prompt for further studies on black wolfberry fruit for their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhibin Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaowen Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhao Bai
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Zhong Z, Wang X, Yin X, Tian J, Komatsu S. Morphophysiological and Proteomic Responses on Plants of Irradiation with Electromagnetic Waves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12239. [PMID: 34830127 PMCID: PMC8618018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic energy is the backbone of wireless communication systems, and its progressive use has resulted in impacts on a wide range of biological systems. The consequences of electromagnetic energy absorption on plants are insufficiently addressed. In the agricultural area, electromagnetic-wave irradiation has been used to develop crop varieties, manage insect pests, monitor fertilizer efficiency, and preserve agricultural produce. According to different frequencies and wavelengths, electromagnetic waves are typically divided into eight spectral bands, including audio waves, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In this review, among these electromagnetic waves, effects of millimeter waves, ultraviolet, and gamma rays on plants are outlined, and their response mechanisms in plants through proteomic approaches are summarized. Furthermore, remarkable advancements of irradiating plants with electromagnetic waves, especially ultraviolet, are addressed, which shed light on future research in the electromagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China;
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
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Shahzad R, Ewas M, Harlina PW, Khan SU, Zhenyuan P, Nie X, Nishawy E. β-Sitosterol differentially regulates key metabolites for growth improvement and stress tolerance in rice plants during prolonged UV-B stress. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:79. [PMID: 34052903 PMCID: PMC8164654 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is potentially deleterious to many organisms specifically crop plants and has become a global challenge. Rice is an exceptionally important staple food which is grown worldwide, and many efforts have been done recently to improve rice varieties against UV-B stress. This current study aims to investigate the effects of exogenous application of β-sitosterol (βSito) on growth improvement and tolerance level of rice plants against prolonged UV-B stress. The physiological and metabolic responses were evaluated in rice plants not supplemented with βSito (Nβ) and those supplemented with βSito (Sβ). RESULTS The Nβ and Sβ plants were grown under non-stress (ns) and under prolonged UV-B stress (uvs) conditions and termed as Nβns, Sβns and Nβuvs, Sβuvs, respectively. The application of βSito contributes positively under non-stress and specifically to UV-B stress in terms of improving numerous physiological parameters associated with growth and development such as shoot and root length, RWC, whole plant biomass, chlorophyll pigments, and photosynthetic-related parameters (Pn, Gs, Tr, WUEi, Fv/Fm, and NPQ) in Sβ compared with Nβ plants. Moreover, enhanced oxidative stress tolerance of Sβuvs vs. Nβuvs plants under stress was attributed to low levels of ROS and substantial trigger in activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, and APX). Metabolic analysis was performed using GC-TOFMS, which revealed higher accumulation of several key metabolites including organic acids, sugars, amino acids, and others in Sβuvs vs. Nβuvs plants, which were mainly reduced in Nβ plants under stress vs. non-stress conditions. CONCLUSION These results provide useful data regarding the important role of βSito on growth maintenance and modulation of several metabolites associated with osmotic and redox adjustments during UV-B stress tolerance in rice plants. Importantly, βSito-regulated plasticity could further be explored specifically in relation to different environmental stresses in other economically useful crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Shahzad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40614, Indonesia. .,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Mohamed Ewas
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, 11753, Egypt.
| | - Putri Widyanti Harlina
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40614, Indonesia
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pan Zhenyuan
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Xinhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Elsayed Nishawy
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, 11753, Egypt
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Transcriptional Changes of Cell Wall Organization Genes and Soluble Carbohydrate Alteration during Leaf Blade Development of Rice Seedlings. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050823. [PMID: 33919078 PMCID: PMC8143110 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls have two constituent parts with different components and developmental stages. Much of the mystery concerning the mechanisms of synthesis, decomposition, modification, and so forth, has been resolved using omics and microscopic techniques. However, it still remains to be determined how cell wall development progresses over time after leaf emergence. Our focus in the present study was to expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with cell wall synthesis in rice leaf blade during three distinct stages (sink, sink-to-source transition, and source). The RNA-seq, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and carbohydrate concentrations were evaluated using developing fifth leaf blades harvested at different time points. The results revealed that some of the essential genes for the primary cell wall (PCW) were highly upregulated in the sink-to-source transition compared to the sink stage, whereas those essential to the secondary cell wall (SCW) displayed relatively higher levels (p < 0.05) during the source stage. The concentrations of soluble carbohydrates differed via type rather than stage; we observed higher monosaccharides during the sink stage and higher di- and oligo-saccharides during the sink-to-source transition and source stages. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall biosynthesis genes are both synchronistic with and independent of, and directly and indirectly governed by, the abundance of soluble carbohydrates in the developing leaf blade, and, finally, raffinose is likely to play a transport role comparable to sucrose.
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Felipe SHS, Batista DS, Chagas K, Correia LNF, Silva TD, Fortini EA, Silva PO, Otoni WC. Accessions of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) with contrasting anthocyanin content behave differently in growth, antioxidative defense, and 20-hydroxyecdysone levels under UV-B radiation. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1557-1571. [PMID: 31209575 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is an elicitor of secondary metabolites in plant tissue culture, but the effects on 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) are still unclear. The 20E may show biotechnological, pharmacological, medical, and agrochemical applicability. Here, we use Pfaffia glomerata, a medically important species, to understand the impacts of UV-B radiation on their physiological performance, the expression of key genes involved in the 20E biosynthesis, and the 20E content. Two accessions (A22 and A43) of plants 20 days old grown in vitro were exposed to 0 (control), 2 (6.84 kJ m-2), and 4 (13.84 kJ m-2) h UV-B radiation for 20 consecutive days. Our data showed that UV-B reduced glucose concentration in A22 and A43 under 4 h of exposure (29 and 30%, respectively), while sucrose concentration increased (32 and 57%, respectively). UV-B also differentially impacted the accessions (A22 and A43), where the A22 under 4 h of UV-B had reduced total dry weight (8%) and electron transport rate (31%); in contrast, A43 did not change. Also, only A22 had increased POD activity under 4 h of UV-B (66%), as well as increased gene expression of the 20E pathway and the 20E content under 2 and 4 h of UV-B in leaves (28 and 21%, respectively) and roots (16 and 13%, respectively). This differential performance to UV-B can be explained by the contrasting anthocyanin contents. Notably, A43 displayed 56% more anthocyanin to the former, a possible defense against UV-B. In conclusion, UV-B radiation is a potential elicitor for increasing 20E content in P. glomerata grown in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Heitor Sousa Felipe
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Av. Lourenço Vieira da Silva, s/n°, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, São Luís, MA, 65055-310, Brazil
| | - Kristhiano Chagas
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Nayara Freitas Correia
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Dulcineia Silva
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Evandro Alexandre Fortini
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Oliveira Silva
- Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá, AM, 69800-000, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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