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Hesari N, Szegő A, Mirmazloum I, Pónya Z, Kiss-Bába E, Kolozs H, Gyöngyik M, Vasas D, Papp I. High-Nitrate-Supply-Induced Transcriptional Upregulation of Ascorbic Acid Biosynthetic and Recycling Pathways in Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1292. [PMID: 36986979 PMCID: PMC10051573 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays open field and protected vegetable cultivation practices require and use genotypes which are precisely tailored to their intended growth environments. Variability of this kind provides a rich source of material to uncover molecular mechanisms supporting the necessarily divergent physiological traits. In this study, typical field-optimized and glasshouse-cultivated cucumber F1 hybrids were investigated, and displayed slower growth ('Joker') and faster growth ('Oitol') in seedlings. Antioxidant capacity was lower in 'Joker' and higher in 'Oitol', pointing to a potential redox regulation of growth. The growth response of seedlings to paraquat treatment indicated stronger oxidative stress tolerance in the fast-growing 'Oitol'. To test whether protection against nitrate-induced oxidative stress was also different, fertigation with increasing potassium nitrate content was applied. This treatment did not change growth but decreased the antioxidant capacities of both hybrids. Bioluminescence emission revealed stronger lipid peroxidation triggered by high nitrate fertigation in the leaves of 'Joker' seedlings. To explore the background of the more effective antioxidant protection of 'Oitol', levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), as well as transcriptional regulation of relevant genes of the Smirnoff-Wheeler biosynthetic pathway and ascorbate recycling, were investigated. Genes related to AsA biosynthesis were strongly upregulated at an elevated nitrate supply in 'Oitol' leaves only, but this was only reflected in a small increase in total AsA content. High nitrate provision also triggered expression of ascorbate-glutathion cycle genes with stronger or exclusive induction in 'Oitol'. AsA/dehydro-ascorbate ratios were higher in 'Oitol' for all treatments, with a more pronounced difference at high nitrate levels. Despite strong transcriptional upregulation of ascorbate peroxidase genes (APX) in 'Oitol', APX activity only increased significantly in 'Joker'. This suggests potential inhibition of APX enzyme activity specifically in 'Oitol' at a high nitrate supply. Our results uncover an unexpected variability in redox stress management in cucumbers, including nitrate inducibility of AsA biosynthetic and recycling pathways in certain genotypes. Possible connections between AsA biosynthesis, recycling and nitro-oxidative stress protection are discussed. Cucumber hybrids emerge as an excellent model system for studying the regulation of AsA metabolism and the roles of AsA in growth and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Hesari
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Szegő
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iman Mirmazloum
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pónya
- Division of Applied Food Crop Production, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- Agricultural and Food Research Centre, Széchenyi István University, Egyetem tér 1, 9026 Győr, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Kiss-Bába
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriett Kolozs
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gyöngyik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dominika Vasas
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Papp
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
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Wu TY, Krishnamoorthi S, Boonyaves K, Al-Darabsah I, Leong R, Jones AM, Ishizaki K, Liao KL, Urano D. G protein controls stress readiness by modulating transcriptional and metabolic homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1889-1907. [PMID: 36321200 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The core G protein signaling module, which consists of Gα and extra-large Gα (XLG) subunits coupled with the Gβγ dimer, is a master regulator of various stress responses. In this study, we compared the basal and salt stress-induced transcriptomic, metabolomic and phenotypic profiles in Gα, Gβ, and XLG-null mutants of two plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha, and showed that G protein mediates the shift of transcriptional and metabolic homeostasis to stress readiness status. We demonstrated that such stress readiness serves as an intrinsic protection mechanism against further stressors through enhancing the phenylpropanoid pathway and abscisic acid responses. Furthermore, WRKY transcription factors were identified as key intermediates of G protein-mediated homeostatic shifts. Statistical and mathematical model comparisons between A. thaliana and M. polymorpha revealed evolutionary conservation of transcriptional and metabolic networks over land plant evolution, whereas divergence has occurred in the function of plant-specific atypical XLG subunit. Taken together, our results indicate that the shifts in transcriptional and metabolic homeostasis at least partially act as the mechanisms of G protein-coupled stress responses that are conserved between two distantly related plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Wu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Kulaporn Boonyaves
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isam Al-Darabsah
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richalynn Leong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Alan M Jones
- Departments of Biology and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kang-Ling Liao
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Daisuke Urano
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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Boonyaves K, Wu TY, Dong Y, Urano D. Interplay between ARABIDOPSIS Gβ and WRKY transcription factors differentiates environmental stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:813-827. [PMID: 35748759 PMCID: PMC9434291 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Different environmental stresses often evoke similar physiological disorders such as growth retardation; however, specific consequences reported among individual stresses indicate potential mechanisms to distinguish different stress types in plants. Here, we examined mechanisms to differentiate between stress types in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Gene expression patterns recapitulating several abiotic stress responses suggested abscisic acid (ABA) as a mediator of the common stress response, while stress type-specific responses were related to metabolic adaptations. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified Arabidopsis Gβ (AGB1) mediating the common stress-responsive genes and primary metabolisms under nitrogen excess. AGB1 regulated the expressions of multiple WRKY transcription factors. Gene Ontology and mutant analyses revealed different roles among WRKYs: WRKY40 is involved in ABA and common stress responses, while WRKY75 regulates metabolic processes. The AGB1-WRKY signaling module controlled developmental plasticity in roots under nitrogen excess. Signal transmission from AGB1 to a selective set of WRKYs would be essential to evoke unique responses to different types of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Ying Wu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Yating Dong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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Saha I, Ghosh A, Dolui D, Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M, Adak MK. Differential Impact of Nitric Oxide and Abscisic Acid on the Cellular and Physiological Functioning of sub1A QTL Bearing Rice Genotype under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11081084. [PMID: 35448812 PMCID: PMC9029218 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic culture containing 200 mM NaCl was used to induce oxidative stress in seedlings of cultivars initially primed with 1 mM SNP and 10 µM ABA. Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP - a nitric oxide donor) and abscisic acid (ABA) was well sensitized more in cv. Swarna Sub1 than cv. Swarna and also reflected in different cellular responses. The major effects of salinity, irrespective of the cultivar, were lowering the water relation, including relative water content and osmotic potential, and decreasing the compatible solutes like alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine betaine. The accumulated polyamines were reduced more in cv. Swarna with a concomitant decrease in photosynthetic reserves. NADP-malic enzyme activity, sucrose accumulation, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase activities gradually declined under NaCl stress and the catabolizing enzymes like invertase (both wall and cytosolic forms) also declined. On the contrary, plants suffered from oxidative stress through superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and their biosynthetic enzymes like NADP(H) oxidase. Moderation of Na+/K+ by both SNP and ABA were correlated with other salt sensitivities in the plants. The maximum effects of SNP and ABA were found in the recovery of antioxidation pathways, osmotic tolerance, and carbohydrate metabolism. Findings predict the efficacy of SNP and ABA either independently or cumulatively in overcoming NaCl toxicity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Saha
- Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 74 1235, India; (I.S.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 74 1235, India; (I.S.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Debabrata Dolui
- Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 74 1235, India; (I.S.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.H.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.H.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Malay Kumar Adak
- Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 74 1235, India; (I.S.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.H.); (M.K.A.)
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Ji R, Min J, Wang Y, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. The Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Modulating Root Architecture and Tolerance to High-Nitrate Stress in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864285. [PMID: 35463444 PMCID: PMC9023760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth regulators are known to exert strong influences on plant performance under abiotic stress, including exposure to high nitrate, as occurs commonly in intensive vegetable production. However, direct comparative evaluations of growth regulators under otherwise identical conditions in major crop species are scarce. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was used as a model crop, and the roles of four common exogenously applied plant growth regulators (MT, melatonin; SA, salicylic acid; HA, humic acid; SNP, sodium nitroprusside) in regulating crop growth were studied under high-nitrate stress. We provide a particular focus on root system architecture and root physiological responses. Our data show that all four growth regulators improve tomato tolerance under high nitrate, but that this occurs to differing extents and via differing mechanisms. Optimal concentrations of MT, SA, HA, and SNP were 50 μmol L-1, 25 μmol L-1, 25 mg L-1, and 50 μmol L-1, respectively. MT and SNP produced the strongest effects. MT enhanced root growth while SNP enhanced above-ground growth. Growth of coarse and thin lateral roots was significantly improved. Furthermore, an enhancement of root vitality and metabolism, improved integrity of root cell membranes, and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities were found, but regulatory mechanisms were different for each growth regulator. Our results show that in particular the application of MT and SNP can improve growth of tomato in intensive vegetable production under high-nitrate stress and that root growth stimulation is of special importance in procuring these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongting Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ju Min
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Herbert J. Kronzucker
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Yi Y, Peng Y, Song T, Lu S, Teng Z, Zheng Q, Zhao F, Meng S, Liu B, Peng Y, Chen G, Zhang J, Ye N. NLP2-NR Module Associated NO Is Involved in Regulating Seed Germination in Rice under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060795. [PMID: 35336677 PMCID: PMC8953764 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress has the most severe impact on plant growth and development, including seed germination. However, little is known about the mechanism of NR (nitrate reductase)-associated nitric oxide (NO) regulates salt tolerance during seed germination in rice. Herein, we shown that inhibition of seed germination by salt stress was significantly impaired by sodium nitroferricyanide (SNP), a NO donor. Then a triple mutant, nr1/nr2/nr3, was generated. Results shown that germination of triple mutants were delayed and were much more sensitive to salt stress than WT plant, which can be rescued by application of SNP. qPCR analysis revealed that expressions of abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism gene, OsABA8ox1, was suppressed in triple mutants under salt stress, resulting in an elevated ABA content. Similar to SNP, application of nitrate also rescued seed germination under salt stress, which, however, was blocked in the triple mutants. Further study revealed that a nitrate responsive transcript factor, OsNLP2, was induced by salt stress, which thus up-regulates the expression of OsNRs and NR activity, resulting in promoted salt tolerance during seed germination. In addition, nitrate-mediated salt tolerance was impaired in mutant of aba8ox1, a target gene for NLP2. Transient trans-activation assays further revealed NLP2 can significantly activate the expression of OsABA8ox1 and OsNR1, suggesting that NLP2 activates expression of ABA catabolism gene directly or indirectly via NR-associated NO. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NLP2-NR associated NO was involved in salt response by increasing ABA catabolism during seed germination and highlight the importance of NO for stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yake Yi
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yaqiong Peng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Tao Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Siqiong Lu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Zhenning Teng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Qin Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Fankai Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Shuan Meng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Bohang Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Guanghui Chen
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (S.M.); (B.L.); (Y.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Kováčik J, Dresler S, Micalizzi G, Babula P, Hladký J, Mondello L. Nitric oxide affects cadmium-induced changes in the lichen Ramalina farinacea. Nitric Oxide 2018; 83:11-18. [PMID: 30529156 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic responses of epiphytic lichen Ramalina farinacea to cadmium (Cd) and/or nitric oxide (NO) scavenger (cPTIO) were studied. Accumulation of Cd and other metallic nutrients was not affected by cPTIO while total and absorbed amounts differed. Cd-induced NO formation was suppressed by cPTIO but ROS signal was synergistically enhanced, confirming that NO is essential to keep ROS under control. This excessive ROS generation could be a reason for depleted amount of all fatty acids, including SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs. Total content of fatty acids reached 3.89 mg/g DW in control with linoleic (40%), palmitic (24%), oleic (12.8%) and stearic (8%) acids as major compounds: interestingly, shift in relative ratio of saturated (from 40 to 35% of total FAs) versus polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 42 to 48% of total FAs) was observed. Glutathione was suppressed by all treatments but Krebs acids were almost unaffected by cPTIO, indicating no regulatory role of NO in their accumulation. On the contrary, Cd-induced elevation in NO signal was related to increase in ascorbate and proline content while cPTIO suppressed it, indicating a tight relation between NO and these metabolites. Data are compared also with algae and vascular plants to show similarities between various life lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Kováčik
- Department of Biology, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43, Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Hladký
- Faculty of Education, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43, Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
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