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Zhao C, Liu S, Zhang X, Meng E, Tang Y, Fen Z, Liu Y, Macreadie PI. Evidence of nitrogen inputs affecting soil nitrogen purification by mediating root exudates of salt marsh plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174396. [PMID: 38950634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Salt marsh has an important 'purification' role in coastal ecosystems by removing excess nitrogen that could otherwise harm aquatic life and reduce water quality. Recent studies suggest that salt marsh root exudates might be the 'control centre' for nitrogen transformation, but empirical evidence is lacking. Here we sought to estimate the direction and magnitude of nitrogen purification by salt marsh root exudates and gain a mechanistic understanding of the biogeochemical transformation pathway(s). To achieve this, we used a laboratory incubation to quantify both the root exudates and soil nitrogen purification rates, in addition to the enzyme activities and functional genes under Phragmites australis populations with different nitrogen forms addition (NO3-, NH4+ and urea). We found that NO3- and urea addition significantly stimulate P. australis root exudation of total acids, amino acids, total sugars and total organic carbon, while NH4+ addition only significantly increased total acids, amino acids and total phenol exudation. High total sugars, amino acids and total organic carbon concentrations enlarged nitrogen purification potential by stimulating the nitrogen purifying bacterial activities (including enzyme activities and related genes expression). Potential denitrification rates were not significantly elevated under NH4+ addition in comparison to NO3- and urea addition, which should be ascribed to total phenol self-toxicity and selective inhibition. Further, urea addition stimulated urease and protease activities with providing more NH4+ and NO2- substrates for elevated anaerobic ammonium oxidation rates among the nitrogen addition treatments. Overall, this study revealed that exogenous nitrogen could increase the nitrogen purification-associated bacterial activity through accelerating the root exudate release, which could stimulate the activity of nitrogen transformation, and then improve the nitrogen removal capacity in salt marsh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhao
- College of Ecology, Resources and Environment, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - E Meng
- College of Ecology, Resources and Environment, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Ecology, Resources and Environment, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Zhang Fen
- College of Ecology, Resources and Environment, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Ecology, Resources and Environment, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Deakin Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Samsami H, Maali-Amiri R. Global insights into intermediate metabolites: Signaling, metabolic divergence and stress response modulation in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108862. [PMID: 38917735 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate change-induced environmental stresses pose significant challenges to plant survival and agricultural productivity. In response, many plants undergo genetic reprogramming, resulting in profound alterations in metabolic pathways and the production of diverse secondary metabolites. As a critical molecular junction, intermediate metabolites by targeted intensification or suppression of subpathways channel cell resources into a multifaceted array of functions such as cell signals, photosynthesis, energy metabolism, ROS homeostasis, producing defensive and protective molecules, epigenetic regulation and stress memory, phytohormones biosynthesis and cell wall architecture under stress conditions. Unlike the well-established functions of end products, intermediate metabolites are context-dependent and produce enigmatic alternatives during stress. As key components of signal transduction pathways, intermediate metabolites with relay and integration of stress signals ensure responses to stress combinations. Investigating efficient metabolic network pathways and their role in regulating unpredictable paths from upstream to downstream levels can unlock their full potential to shape the future of agriculture and ensure global food security. Here, we summarized the activity of some intermediate metabolites, from the perception step to tolerance responses to stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Samsami
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Reza Maali-Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran.
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Barrit T, Planchet E, Lothier J, Satour P, Aligon S, Tcherkez G, Limami AM, Campion C, Teulat B. Nitrogen Nutrition Modulates the Response to Alternaria brassicicola Infection via Metabolic Modifications in Arabidopsis Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:534. [PMID: 38502050 PMCID: PMC10892011 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of nitrogen nutrition on seedling susceptibility to seed-borne pathogens. We have previously shown that seedlings grown under high nitrate (5 mM) conditions are less susceptible than those grown under low nitrate (0.1 mM) and ammonium (5 mM) in the Arabidopsis-Alternaria brassicicola pathosystem. However, it is not known how seedling metabolism is modulated by nitrogen nutrition, nor what is its response to pathogen infection. Here, we addressed this question using the same pathosystem and nutritive conditions, examining germination kinetics, seedling development, but also shoot ion contents, metabolome, and selected gene expression. Nitrogen nutrition clearly altered the seedling metabolome. A similar metabolomic profile was observed in inoculated seedlings grown at high nitrate levels and in not inoculated-seedlings. High nitrate levels also led to specific gene expression patterns (e.g., polyamine metabolism), while other genes responded to inoculation regardless of nitrogen supply conditions. Furthermore, the metabolites best correlated with high disease symptoms were coumarate, tyrosine, hemicellulose sugars, and polyamines, and those associated with low symptoms were organic acids (tricarboxylic acid pathway, glycerate, shikimate), sugars derivatives and β-alanine. Overall, our results suggest that the beneficial effect of high nitrate nutrition on seedling susceptibility is likely due to nutritive and signaling mechanisms affecting developmental plant processes detrimental to the pathogen. In particular, it may be due to a constitutively high tryptophan metabolism, as well as down regulation of oxidative stress caused by polyamine catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Barrit
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Elisabeth Planchet
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Pascale Satour
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anis M. Limami
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Claire Campion
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Béatrice Teulat
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
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Wang H, Jiao X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Liu Y, Chen X, Fang R, Yan Y. Ammonium protects rice against rice stripe virus by activating HDA703/OsBZR1-mediated BR signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111504. [PMID: 36272547 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) is a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants and also as a signal regulates plant growth and defense. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that control plant developmental and physiological processes through its signaling pathway. Rice is a kind of NH4+-preferring plant which responds to virus infection involving in the regulation of BR biosynthesis and signaling. However, the BR-mediated regulatory mechanisms in rice-virus interactions are not fully understood. In addition, it remains unknown whether there is a direct link between NH4+ and BRs in regulating rice response to virus. HDA703, a histone deacetylase and OsBZR1, a transcription factor, are two positive regulator of BR signaling and interact with each other. In this study, we show that rice plants grown with NH4+ as the sole N source have enhanced resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV), one of the most devastating viruses of rice, than those grown with NO3- as the sole N source. We also show that in contrast to NO3-, NH4+ does not affect BR biosynthesis but promotes BR signaling by upregulating the expression of HDA703 and promoting the accumulation of OsBZR1 in rice shoots. We further show that BR biosynthesis and signaling is required for rice defense against RSV and BR-mediated resistance to RSV attributes to activating HDA703/OsBZR1 module, then decreasing the expression of Ghd7, a direct target of HDA703/OsBZR1. Consistently, increase of the expression of HDA703 or decrease of the expression of Ghd7 enhances rice resistance to RSV. Together, our study reveals that activation of HDA703/OsBZR1-Ghd7 signaling cascade is an undescribed mechanism conferring BR-mediated RSV resistance and NH4+ protects rice against RSV by activating HDA703/OsBZR1-Ghd7-mediated BR signaling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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5
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Yang Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xia H, Zheng S, Xie S, Cao Y, Liu J, Sehar S, Lin Y, Guo Y, Shamsi IH. Nitrogen metabolic rate and differential ammonia volatilization regulate resistance against opportunistic fungus Alternaria alternata in tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1003534. [PMID: 36212279 PMCID: PMC9538177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional correlations between plants and pathogens can crucially affect disease severity. As an essential macronutrient, the availability of nitrogen (N) and the types of N content play a fundamental part not only in energy metabolism and protein synthesis but also in pathogenesis. However, a direct connection has not yet been established between differences in the level of resistance and N metabolism. Pertinently, former studies hold ammonia (NH3) accountable for the development of diseases in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and in some post-harvest fruits. With a purpose of pinpointing the function of NH3 volatilization on Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissl pathogenesis and its correlation with both N metabolism and resistance differences to Alternaria alternata infection in tobacco, leaf tissue of two tobacco cultivars with susceptibility (Changbohuang; CBH), or resistance (Jingyehuang; JYH) were analyzed apropos of ammonia compensation point, apoplastic NH4 + concentration, pH value as well as activities of key enzymes and N status. At the leaf age of 40 to 60 d, the susceptible cultivar had a significantly higher foliar apoplastic ammonium (NH4 +) concentration, pH value and NH3 volatilization potential compared to the resistant one accompanied by a significant reduction in glutamine synthetase (GS), which in particular was a primary factor causing the NH3 volatilization. The NH4 + concentration in CBH was 1.44 times higher than that in JYH, and CBH had NH3 compensation points that were 7.09, 6.15 and 4.35-fold higher than those of JYH at 40, 50 and 60 d, respectively. Moreover, the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity had an upward tendency related to an increased NH4 + accumulation in both leaf tissues and apoplast but not with the NH3 compensation point. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that the accumulation of NH3 volatilization, rather than NH4 + and total N, was the primary factor inducing the Alternaria alternata infection in tobacco. Meanwhile, the susceptible cultivar was characterized by a higher N re-transfer ability of NH3 volatilization, in contrast to the disease-resistant cultivar, and had a stronger capability of N assimilation and reutilization. This study provides a deeper understanding of the pathogenicity mechanism induced by Alternaria alternata, which is useful for breeding Alternaria alternata-resistant varieties of tobacco, at the same time, our research is also conducive to control tobacco brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiao Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Haiqian Xia
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Zheng
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shengdong Xie
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shafaque Sehar
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchao Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Putrescine: A Key Metabolite Involved in Plant Development, Tolerance and Resistance Responses to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062971. [PMID: 35328394 PMCID: PMC8955586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Putrescine (Put) is the starting point of the polyamines (PAs) pathway and the most common PA in higher plants. It is synthesized by two main pathways (from ornithine and arginine), but recently a third pathway from citrulline was reported in sesame plants. There is strong evidence that Put may play a crucial role not only in plant growth and development but also in the tolerance responses to the major stresses affecting crop production. The main strategies to investigate the involvement of PA in plant systems are based on the application of competitive inhibitors, exogenous PAs treatments, and the most efficient approaches based on mutant and transgenic plants. Thus, in this article, the recent advances in understanding the role of this metabolite in plant growth promotion and protection against abiotic and biotic stresses will be discussed to provide an overview for future research.
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González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, Troncho P, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Putrescine biosynthetic pathways modulate root growth differently in tomato seedlings grown under different N sources. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153560. [PMID: 34798464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of putrescine is mainly driven by arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Hence, in this study, we generated independent ADC and ODC transgenic silenced tomato lines (SilADC and SilODC, respectively) to test the effect of defective ADC and ODC gene expression on root development under nitrate (NN) or ammonium (NA) conditions. The results showed that SilODC seedlings displayed an increase in ADC expression that led to polyamine accumulation, suggesting a compensatory effect of ADC. However, this effect was not observed in SilADC seedlings. These pathways are involved in different growth processes. The SilADC seedlings showed an increase in fresh weight, shoot length, lateral root number and shoot:root ratio under the NN source and an enhancement in fresh weight, and shoot and root length under NA conditions. However, SilODC seedlings displayed greater weight and shoot length under the NN source, whereas a decrease in lateral root density was found under NA conditions. Moreover, two overexpressed ODC lines were generated to check the relevance of the compensatory effect of the ADC pathway when ODC was silenced. These overexpressed lines showed not only an enhancement of almost all the studied growth parameters under both N sources but also an amelioration of ammonium syndrome under NA conditions. Together, these results reflect the importance of both pathways in plant growth, particularly ODC silencing, which requires compensation by ADC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar Troncho
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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8
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Barrit T, Porcher A, Cukier C, Satour P, Guillemette T, Limami AM, Teulat B, Campion C, Planchet E. Nitrogen nutrition modifies the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the necrotrophic fungus, Alternaria brassicicola. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13621. [PMID: 34989007 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the form of nitrogen (N) source (nitrate versus ammonium) on the susceptibility to Alternaria brassicicola, a necrotrophic fungus, has been examined in Arabidopsis thaliana at the rosette stage. Nitrate nutrition was found to increase fungal lesions considerably. There was a similar induction of defence gene expression following infection under both N nutritions, except for the phytoalexin deficient 3 gene, which was overexpressed with nitrate. Nitrate also led to a greater nitric oxide production occurring in planta during the saprophytic growth and lower nitrate reductase (NIA1) expression 7 days after inoculation. This suggests that nitrate reductase-dependent nitric oxide production had a dual role, whereby, despite its known role in the generic response to pathogens, it affected plant metabolism, and this facilitated fungal infection. In ammonium-grown plants, infection with A. brassicicola induced a stronger gene expression of ammonium transporters and significantly reduced the initially high ammonium content in the leaves. There was a significant interaction between N source and inoculation (presence versus absence of the fungus) on the total amino acid content, while N nutrition reconfigured the spectrum of major amino acids. Typically, a higher content of total amino acid, mainly due to a stronger increase in asparagine and glutamine, is observed under ammonium nutrition while, in nitrate-fed plants, glutamate was the only amino acid which content increased significantly after fungal inoculation. N nutrition thus appears to control fungal infection via a complex set of signalling and nutritional events, shedding light on how nitrate availability can modulate disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Porcher
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, France
| | | | - Pascale Satour
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, France
| | | | - Anis M Limami
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, France
| | | | - Claire Campion
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, France
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9
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Ding S, Shao X, Li J, Ahammed GJ, Yao Y, Ding J, Hu Z, Yu J, Shi K. Nitrogen forms and metabolism affect plant defence to foliar and root pathogens in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1596-1610. [PMID: 33547690 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) influences a myriad of physiological processes while its effects on plant defences and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, the interaction between tomato and pathogens was examined under four N regimes (sole NO3- or mixed NO3- /NH4+ of total 1 and 7 mM N, denoting low and high N regimes, respectively) followed by inoculation with two bacterial pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum. Tomato immunity against both pathogens was generally higher under low N as well as NO3- as the sole N source. The disease susceptibility was reduced by silencing N metabolism genes such as NR, NiR and Fd-GOGAT, while increased in NiR1-overexpressed plants. Further studies demonstrated that the N-modulated defence was dependent on the salicylic acid (SA) defence pathway. Low N as well as the silencing of N metabolism genes increased the SA levels and transcripts of its maker genes, and low N-enhanced defence was blocked in NahG transgenic tomato plants that do not accumulate SA, while exogenous SA application attenuated the susceptibility of OE-NiR1. The study provides insights into the mechanisms of how nitrogen fertilization and metabolism affect plant immunity in tomato, which might be useful for designing effective agronomic strategies for the management of N supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Ding
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Shao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanlai Yao
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technical Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Zhao Y, Chen W, Cui Y, Sang X, Lu J, Jing H, Wang W, Zhao P, Wang H. Detection of candidate genes and development of KASP markers for Verticillium wilt resistance by combining genome-wide association study, QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing in cotton. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1063-1081. [PMID: 33438060 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Combining GWAS, QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing detected basal defense-related genes showing gDNA sequence variation and expression difference in diverse cotton lines, which might be the molecular mechanisms of VW resistance in G. hirsutum. Verticillium wilt (VW), which is caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is a major disease in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum) worldwide. To facilitate the understanding of the genetic basis for VW resistance in cotton, a genome-wide association study (GWAS), QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing were performed. The GWAS of VW resistance in a panel of 120 core elite cotton accessions using the Cotton 63K Illumina Infinium SNP array identified 5 QTL from 18 significant SNPs meeting the 5% false discovery rate threshold on 5 chromosomes. All QTL identified through GWAS were found to be overlapped with previously reported QTL. By combining GWAS, QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing, we identified eight candidate genes showing both gDNA sequence variation and expression difference between resistant and susceptible lines, most related to transcription factors (TFs), flavonoid biosynthesis and those involving in the plant basal defense and broad-spectrum disease resistance. Ten KASP markers were successfully validated in diverse cotton lines and could be deployed in marker-assisted breeding to enhance VW resistance. These results supported our inference that the gDNA sequence variation or expression difference of those genes involving in the basal defense in diverse cotton lines might be the molecular mechanisms of VW resistance in G. hirsutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanli Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Huijuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China.
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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11
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Sueyoshi K, Ohyama T. Recent Advances in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in C3 Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E318. [PMID: 33396811 PMCID: PMC7795015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the xylem and phloem transport systems. Complex mechanisms regulate C and N metabolism to optimize plant growth, agricultural crop production, and maintenance of the agroecosystem. In this paper, we cover the recent advances in understanding C and N metabolism, regulation, and transport in plants, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms of starch metabolism in plastids and the changes in responses to environmental stress that were previously overlooked, since these changes provide an essential store of C that fuels plant metabolism and growth. We present general insights into the system biology approaches that have expanded our understanding of core biological questions related to C and N metabolism. Finally, this review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the trade-off concept that links C and N status to the plant's response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Takuji Ohyama
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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12
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Bauer B, von Wirén N. Modulating tiller formation in cereal crops by the signalling function of fertilizer nitrogen forms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20504. [PMID: 33239682 PMCID: PMC7689482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal crop yield comprises interrelated components, among which the number of tillers is highly responsive to nitrogen fertilization. We addressed the hypothesis of whether the supply of different nitrogen forms can be employed to manipulate the tiller number in cereal crops. Relative to urea or ammonium, exclusive supply of nitrate increased tiller number in hydroponically-grown barley plants. Thereby, tiller number correlated positively with the root-to-shoot translocation rate of endogenous cytokinins. External supply of a synthetic cytokinin analog further stimulated tillering in nitrate-containing but not in urea-containing nutrient solution. When the cytokinin analog 6-benzylaminopurine riboside was externally supplied to roots, its translocation to shoots was 2.5 times higher in presence of nitrate than in presence of urea or ammonium, suggesting that cytokinin loading into the xylem is affected by different nitrogen forms. We then translated this finding to field scale, cultivated winter wheat in four environments, and confirmed that nitrate fertilization significantly increased tiller number in a dose-dependent manner. As assessed in 22 winter wheat cultivars, nitrogen form-dependent tiller formation was subject to substantial genotypic variation. We conclude that cytokinin-mediated signaling effects of fertilizer nitrogen forms can be employed as a management tool to regulate the tiller number in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Bauer
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.,Crop Production and Crop Protection, Institute of Biomass Research, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Markgrafenstrasse 16, 91746, Weidenbach, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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13
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Llorens E, Scalschi L, González-Hernández AI, Camañes G, García-Agustín P, Vicedo B. 1-Methyltryptophan Treatment Increases Defense-Related Proteins in the Apoplast of Tomato Plants. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:433-443. [PMID: 32989989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The activation of induced resistance in plants may enhance the production of defensive proteins to avoid the invasion of pathogens. In this way, the composition of the apoplastic fluid could represent an important layer of defense that plants can modify to avoid the attack. In this study, we performed a proteomic study of the apoplastic fluid from plants treated with the resistance inducer 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) as well as infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Our results showed that both the inoculation with Pst and the application of the inducer provoke changes in the proteomic composition in the apoplast enhancing the accumulation of proteins involved in plant defense. Finally, one of the identified proteins that are overaccumulated upon the treatment have been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in order to test their antimicrobial effect. The result showed that the tested protein is able to reduce the growth of Pst in vitro. Taken together, in this work, we described the proteomic changes in the apoplast induced by the treatment and by the inoculation, as well as demonstrated that the proteins identified have a role in the plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana I González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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14
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Oliveira FDBD, Miranda RDS, Araújo GDS, Coelho DG, Lobo MDP, Paula-Marinho SDO, Lopes LDS, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Carvalho HHD, Gomes-Filho E. New insights into molecular targets of salt tolerance in sorghum leaves elicited by ammonium nutrition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:723-734. [PMID: 32763797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the proteome modulation and physiological responses of Sorghum bicolor plants grown in nutrient solutions containing nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+) at 5.0 mM, and subjected to salinity with 75 mM NaCl for ten days. Salinity promoted significant reductions in leaf area, root and shoot dry mass of sorghum plants, regardless of nitrogen source; however, higher growth was observed in ammonium-grown plants. The better performance of ammonium-fed stressed plants was associated with low hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and improved CO2 assimilation and K+/Na+ homeostasis under salinity. Proteomic study revealed a nitrogen source-induced differential modulation in proteins related to photosynthesis/carbon metabolism, energy metabolism, response to stress and other cellular processes. Nitrate-fed plants induced thylakoidal electron transport chain proteins and structural and carbon assimilation enzymes, but these mechanisms seemed to be insufficient to mitigate salt damage in photosynthetic performance. In contrast, the greater tolerance to salinity of ammonium-grown plants may have arisen from: i.) de novo synthesis or upregulation of enzymes from photosynthetic/carbon metabolism, which resulted in better CO2 assimilation rates under NaCl-stress; ii.) activation of proteins involved in energy metabolism which made available energy for salt responses, most likely by proton pumps and Na+/H+ antiporters; and iii.) reprogramming of proteins involved in response to stress and other metabolic processes, constituting intricate pathways of salt responses. Overall, our findings not only provide new insights of molecular basis of salt tolerance in sorghum plants induced by ammonium nutrition, but also give new perspectives to develop biotechnological strategies to generate more salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael de Souza Miranda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Bom Jesus, Brazil.
| | - Gyedre Dos Santos Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lineker de Sousa Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enéas Gomes-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Salinidade (INCTSal), Fortaleza, Brazil.
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15
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Farvardin A, González-Hernández AI, Llorens E, García-Agustín P, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E604. [PMID: 32664231 PMCID: PMC7402137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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16
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González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Exogenous Carbon Compounds Modulate Tomato Root Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E837. [PMID: 32635257 PMCID: PMC7411956 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NO3- is not only a nutrient, but also a signaling compound that plays an important role in several plant processes, like root development. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of three different exogenous C compounds (sucrose, glucose, 2-oxoglutarate) added to NO3- nutrition on C/N, auxin and antioxidant metabolisms in 10-day-old tomato seedlings. Sucrose and glucose supplementation enhanced primary root (PR) length, lateral root number and root density, while 2-oxoglutarate negatively affected them. This phenomenon was accompanied by a slight increase in NRT2.1 and GS1 gene expression, together with an increase in LAX2 and LAX3 and a decrease in LAX4 in the roots growing under sucrose and glucose sources. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate enhanced the expression of NiR, GDH, PEPC1, LAX1, LAX3 and the antioxidant gene SOD Cl. Taken together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of how these C sources can modulate N uptake and C/N, auxin and antioxidant gene expression, which could be useful for improving nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (L.S.); (P.G.-A.)
| | | | | | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (L.S.); (P.G.-A.)
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17
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González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Tomato root development and N assimilation depend on C and ABA content under different N sources. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:368-378. [PMID: 32028134 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root plasticity is controlled by hormonal homeostasis and nutrient availability. In this work, we have determined the influence of different N regimens on growth parameters and on the expression of genes involved in auxin transport and N-assimilation in tomato seedlings. NH4+ nutrition led to an inhibitory effect on root fresh weight (FW), lateral root (LR) number and root density, while an increase in the primary root (PR) length was observed. The expression of N assimilation genes GS2 and ASN1, is affected by NH4+ nutrition. Moreover, in order to relieve the toxic effect of NH4+ on root development, glucose or 2-oxoglutarate was supplied as a C source during NH4+ treatment. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate improved root parameters compared to the NH4+ regimen. N-assimilation gene analysis showed that NH4+-fed tomato plants try to alleviate the toxic effect by concurrently upregulating ASN1 and anaplerotic PEPC2 expression, whereas when 2-oxoglutarate is supplied, ASN1 induction was not observed. The addition of both C skeletons induced the expression of the ROS-scavenging genes GSH and SOD. In addition, since ABA plays a role in root development, the ABA-synthesis-defective mutant flacca was studied under NO3- and NH4+ regimens. It displayed a decrease in LR number under NO3- conditions, whereas, the NH4+-fed seedlings showed a decrease solely in PR length that was reverted when ABA was exogenously supplied. Moreover, flacca seedlings displayed a reprogramming of the N/C assimilation genes. Altogether, these results reflect the importance of N and C sources and ABA homeostasis in root development of tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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18
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Unravelling the Roles of Nitrogen Nutrition in Plant Disease Defences. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020572. [PMID: 31963138 PMCID: PMC7014335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements that has a central impact on plant growth and yield. N is also widely involved in plant stress responses, but its roles in host-pathogen interactions are complex as each affects the other. In this review, we summarize the relationship between N nutrition and plant disease and stress its importance for both host and pathogen. From the perspective of the pathogen, we describe how N can affect the pathogen’s infection strategy, whether necrotrophic or biotrophic. N can influence the deployment of virulence factors such as type III secretion systems in bacterial pathogen or contribute nutrients such as gamma-aminobutyric acid to the invader. Considering the host, the association between N nutrition and plant defence is considered in terms of physical, biochemical and genetic mechanisms. Generally, N has negative effects on physical defences and the production of anti-microbial phytoalexins but positive effects on defence-related enzymes and proteins to affect local defence as well as systemic resistance. N nutrition can also influence defence via amino acid metabolism and hormone production to affect downstream defence-related gene expression via transcriptional regulation and nitric oxide (NO) production, which represents a direct link with N. Although the critical role of N nutrition in plant defences is stressed in this review, further work is urgently needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how opposing virulence and defence mechanisms are influenced by interacting networks.
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