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Lee MJ, Yang SY, Kang MK. Biological, Antifungal, and Physical Efficacy of a Denture Cleanser Formulated with Cnidium officinale Extracts. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2029. [PMID: 39335543 PMCID: PMC11428326 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy and impact of a denture cleanser containing Cnidium officinale extract on the surface characteristics of denture base materials, as well as its physical and biological properties. METHODS The experimental denture cleansers were formulated with C. officinale at concentrations of 100 and 150 μg/mL, combined with 1% cocamidopropyl betaine as a natural surfactant. Antifungal efficacy was evaluated using zone-of-inhibition assays against Candida albicans, revealing inhibition zones of 20 ± 1.8 mm for the 100 μg/mL concentration and 23.6 ± 1.6 mm for the 150 μg/mL concentration. Surface property assessments-including hardness, roughness, color stability, and solubility measurements-demonstrated no significant differences compared to the control group. Biological evaluations included the quantification of polyphenol and flavonoid content. RESULTS The C. officinale-based cleanser showed significant antifungal activity without affecting the hardness, roughness, color stability, or solubility of denture base materials. Biological tests revealed no cytotoxicity and minimal mucosal irritation. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantitatively measured, revealing higher concentrations in the experimental groups, which were correlated with significant antifungal activity. These compounds are known for their roles in disrupting microbial processes and enhancing antimicrobial effects. These findings suggest that the C. officinale-based denture cleanser effectively inhibits C. albicans while preserving the physical properties of denture base materials. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of C. officinale in denture cleanser formulations, promoting denture hygiene and oral health. Future research should prioritize long-term clinical evaluations and formulation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jin Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Division of Health Science, Baekseok University, Cheonan 31065, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Yang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Hanseo University, Seosan 31963, Republic of Korea
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Okazaki Y, Nakamori K, Yao C, Ahmed MH, Mercelis B, Nagaoka N, Maruo Y, Yoshida Y, Abe Y, Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K. Antibacterial Dental Adhesive Containing Cetylpyridinium Chloride Montmorillonite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4368. [PMID: 39274758 PMCID: PMC11395986 DOI: 10.3390/ma17174368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Oral bacteria cause tooth caries and periodontal disease. Much research is being conducted to prevent both major oral diseases by rendering dental materials' antimicrobial potential. However, such antimicrobial materials are regarded as 'combination' products and face high hurdles for regulatory approval. We loaded inorganic montmorillonite with the antimicrobial agent cetylpyridinium chloride, referred to below as 'CPC-Mont'. CPC-Mont particles in a 1, 3 and 5 wt% concentration were added to the considered gold-standard self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond 2 ('CSE2'; Kuraray Noritake) to render its antibacterial potential (CSE2 without CPC-Mont served as control). Besides measuring (immediate) bonding effectiveness and (aged) bond durability to dentin, the antibacterial activity against S. mutans and the polymerization-conversion rate was assessed. Immediate and aged bond strength was not affected by 1 and 3 wt% CPC-Mont addition, while 5 wt% CPC-Mont significantly lowered bond strength and bond durability. The higher the concentration of the antimicrobial material added, the stronger the antimicrobial activity. Polymerization conversion was not affected by the CPC-Mont addition in any of the three concentrations. Hence, adding 3 wt% CPC-Mont to the two-step self-etch adhesive rendered additional antimicrobial potential on top of its primary bonding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okazaki
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kiichi Nakamori
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Chenmin Yao
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed H Ahmed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Mercelis
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Science, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yukinori Maruo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Abe
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
- Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Tang C, Mercelis B, Zhang F, Mocquot C, Nakanishi K, Yoshihara K, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B. Filler Mixed Into Adhesives Does Not Necessarily Improve Their Mechanical Properties. Oper Dent 2024; 49:311-324. [PMID: 38632849 DOI: 10.2341/23-106-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of filler type/loading on the micro-tensile fracture strength (μTFS) of adhesive resins, as measured 'immediately' upon preparation and after 1-week water storage ('water-stored'). METHODS The morphology and particle-size distribution of three filler particles, referred to as 'Glass-S' (Esschem Europe), 'BioUnion' (GC), and 'CPC_Mont', were correlatively characterized by SEM, TEM, and particle-size analysis. These filler particles were incorporated into an unfilled adhesive resin ('BZF-29unfilled', GC) in different concentrations to measure the 'immediate' μTFS. After 1-week water storage, the 'water-stored' μTFS of the experimental particle-filled adhesive resins with the most optimum filler loading, specific for each filler type, was measured. In addition, the immediate and water-stored μTFS of the adhesive resins of three experimental two-step universal adhesives based on the same resin matrix but varying for filler type/loading, coded as 'BZF-21' (containing silica and bioglass), 'BZF-29' (containing solely silica), and 'BZF-29_hv' (highly viscous with a higher silica loading than BZF-29), and of the adhesive resins of the gold-standard adhesives OptiBond FL ('Opti-FL', Kerr) and Clearfil SE Bond 2 ('C-SE2', Kuraray Noritake) was measured along with that of BZF-29unfilled (GC) serving as control/reference. Statistics involved one-way and two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons (α<0.05). RESULTS Glass-S, BioUnion, and CPC_Mont represent irregular fillers with an average particle size of 8.5-9.9 μm. Adding filler to BZF-29unfilled decreased μTFS regardless of filler type/loading. One-week water storage reduced μTFS of all adhesive resins except BZF-21, with the largest reduction in μTFS recorded for BZF-29unfilled. Among the three filler types, the μTFS of the 30 wt% Glass-S and 20 wt% BioUnion filled adhesive resin was not significantly different from the μTFS of BZF-29unfilled upon water storage. CONCLUSIONS Adding filler particles into adhesive resin did not enhance its micro-tensile fracture strength but appeared to render it less sensitive to water storage as compared to the unfilled adhesive resin investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tang
- Chuliang Tang, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Mercelis
- Ben Mercelis, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Zhang
- Fei Zhang, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Leuven, Belgium; 3Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France
| | - C Mocquot
- Caroline Mocquot, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France; Université Paris Cité, Faculté dentaire, Hôpital Rothschild, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - K Nakanishi
- Ko Nakanishi, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium; Hokkaido University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Yoshihara
- Kumiko Yoshihara, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Health and Medical Research Institute, Kagawa, Japan; Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - M Peumans
- Marleen Peumans, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Van Meerbeek
- *Bart Van Meerbeek, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
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Khan S, Amin F, Amin R, Kumar N. Exploring the Effect of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Addition on the Antibacterial Activity and Surface Hardness of Resin-Based Dental Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:588. [PMID: 38475272 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) addition on the antibacterial and surface hardness characteristics of two commercial resin-based dental composites (RBDCs). A total of two hundred and seventy (n = 270) specimens from Filtek Z250 Universal and Filtek Z350 XT flowable RBDCs were fabricated with the addition of CPC at 2 %wt and 4 %wt concentrations to assess their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion test and direct contact inhibition test, and their surface hardness using the Vickers microhardness test after 1 day, 30 days, and 90 days of aging. A surface morphology analysis of the specimens was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The RBDCs that contained 2 %wt and 4 %wt CPC demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans up to 90 days, with the highest activity observed for the 4 %wt concentration. Nevertheless, there was a reduction in antibacterial effectiveness over time. Moreover, compared to the control (0 %wt) and 2 %wt CPC groups, the universal RBDCs containing 4 %wt CPC exhibited a notable decrease in surface hardness, while all groups showed a decline in hardness over time. In conclusion, the satisfactory combination of the antibacterial effect and surface hardness property of RBDCs was revealed with the addition of a 2 %wt CPC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khan
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Amin
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Rafat Amin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
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Sahoo J, Sarkhel S, Mukherjee N, Jaiswal A. Nanomaterial-Based Antimicrobial Coating for Biomedical Implants: New Age Solution for Biofilm-Associated Infections. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45962-45980. [PMID: 36570317 PMCID: PMC9773971 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the upsurge in hospital-acquired diseases has put global health at risk. Biomedical implants being the primary source of contamination, the development of biomedical implants with antimicrobial coatings has attracted the attention of a large group of researchers from around the globe. Bacteria develops biofilms on the surface of implants, making it challenging to eradicate them with the standard approach of administering antibiotics. A further issue of current concern is the fast resurgence of resistance to conventional antibiotics. As nanotechnology continues to advance, various types of nanomaterials have been created, including 2D nanoparticles and metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. Researchers from all over the world are using these materials as a coating agent for biomedical implants to create an antimicrobial environment. This comprehensive and contemporary review summarizes various metals, metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, and their composites that have been used or may be used in the future as an antimicrobial coating agent for biomedical implants, as well as their succinct mode of action to combat biofilm-associated infection and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nivedita Mukherjee
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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Patiño-Agudelo ÁJ, Barbosa ML, Mendes da Silva LH, Dias Ferreira GM. Thermodynamics of Aggregation between the Cationic Surfactant and Polymer Based on Biodegradable Poly(vinyl Alcohol). J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9424-9434. [PMID: 36346973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation of aggregates between carboxylated (PVCOOH) or neutral hydrolyzed (PVOH) poly(vinyl alcohol) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (C16PyCl) was examined by conductimetry, turbidimetry, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in the presence of different NaCl concentrations. The interaction between the polymers and C16PyCl in pure water showed a critical aggregation concentration (cac = 0.8 mmol L-1) only for the neutral polymer. PVCOOH interacted with the surfactant through electrostatic attraction, forming macroscopic aggregates. Integral enthalpy changes for aggregate formation (ΔHagg) obtained from ITC curves varied from -0.61 (for the PVOH system in pure water) to -4.14 kJ mol-1 (for PVOH in the presence of 10.0 mmol L-1 NaCl), indicating that the formation of the aggregates was enthalpically favored. However, hydrophobic interactions drove the process for low surfactant concentration for both polymers. Saturation concentrations (C2) obtained from conductimetry were smaller than those from ITC, revealing that the binding of C16PyCl on the chain of the polymers at higher surfactant concentrations shows the same electric properties as that of free micelles on the solution. Increase of the ionic strength favored the aggregation and decreased the complexity of the ITC curves, suggesting that the reorganization of the surfactant monomers on the polymeric chain with the increase in their concentration was suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Javier Patiño-Agudelo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP05508-000, Brazil.,Colloidal and Macromolecular Green Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs S/s, Viçosa-MG36570900, Brazil
| | - Mylene Lourdes Barbosa
- Departament of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitário, Lavras-MG37200900, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Mendes da Silva
- Colloidal and Macromolecular Green Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs S/s, Viçosa-MG36570900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira
- Departament of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitário, Lavras-MG37200900, Brazil
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Nakamori K, Abe Y, Takeuchi M, Kagawa K, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Tsuga K. Antimicrobial adhesive polyurethane gel sheet with cetylpyridinium chloride-montmorillonite for facial and somato prosthesis fastening. J Prosthodont Res 2022; 67:180-188. [PMID: 35661642 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing options for attaching facial and somato prostheses, such as skin adhesives, are problematic because of microbial colonization and skin irritation. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of adhesive polyurethane gel sheets containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-montmorillonite (Mont) for prosthesis fastening. METHODS Adhesive gel sheets were fabricated as mixtures of base resin (99.6 wt% polyol) and hardening agent at a ratio of 3:1 with 0 (control), 2, 5, 10, or 15 wt% CPC-Mont. The controlled release of CPC, antimicrobial activity, in vitro skin irritation, and adhesive force against silicone and human skin at different blending ratios were determined. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Tukey's test, or single regression analysis, as appropriate. RESULTS The amount of CPC released increased with the CPC-Mont blending ratio and was linearly proportional to the surface occupation area ratio of CPC-Mont. The samples with >5 wt% CPC-Mont exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at an exposure time of 0 d, and samples with >2 wt% CPC-Mont exhibited antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans at an exposure time of 1 d. All samples were classified as non-irritant based on an in vitro skin irritation test. The adhesive force on the silicone material and human skin decreased with increasing CPC-Mont blending ratio. CONCLUSION Samples with 5 wt% CPC-Mont are potential candidates as antimicrobial adhesive polyurethane gel sheets for fastening facial and somato prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Nakamori
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Abe
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maho Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kagawa
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Asahara E, Abe Y, Nakamori K, Okazaki Y, Makita Y, Hasebe A, Tsuga K, Yokoyama A. Controlled release, antimicrobial activity, and oral mucosa irritation of cetylpyridinium chloride-montmorillonite incorporated in a tissue conditioner. Dent Mater J 2021; 41:142-149. [PMID: 34556596 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the controlled release of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) from a tissue conditioner (TC) containing CPC-montmorillonite (CPC-Mont), the associated antimicrobial activity, and oral mucosa irritation. The CPC release test was performed daily for 28 days in three test solutions: distilled water, 0.2 M NaCl, and 0.2 M HCl. The antimicrobial activities for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans were assessed according to the JIS Z 2801/ISO 22196 standard. An oral mucosa irritation test was conducted using cheek pouches in five male hamsters according to the ISO 10993-10:2010 standard. The amount of CPC released each day and the cumulative amount released over 28 days (6.12 mg) were less than the daily safe maximum of sore throat medicines (8 mg). Additionally, TC with CPC-Mont could sustain antimicrobial activity against adherent bacteria for 14 days and has no oral mucosa irritation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Asahara
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yasuhiko Abe
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kiichi Nakamori
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yohei Okazaki
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yoji Makita
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Functional Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
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The Dynamic Viscoelasticity of Dental Soft Polymer Material Containing Citrate Ester-Based Plasticizers. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225078. [PMID: 33187157 PMCID: PMC7697092 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic viscoelasticity of dental soft polymer material containing citrate ester-based plasticizers. Three kinds of citrate ester-based plasticizer (Citroflex® C-2: TEC, Citroflex® A-2: ATEC, and Citroflex® A-4: ATBC), with the combination of 5 wt% ethyl alcohol, were used as the liquid phase. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of nine ethyl methacrylate polymers: (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I) were immersed in 37 °C distilled water for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days, respectively. The dynamic viscoelastic properties were measured at 37 °C with an automatic dynamic mechanical analyzer. The shear storage modulus (G′), shear loss modulus (G″), and loss tangent (tan δ) were determined at 1 Hz. These parameters were statistically analyzed by two-way and one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test at a predetermined significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was found among the materials in terms of the dynamic viscoelasticity. The materials containing citrate ester-based plasticizer ATBC showed the most stable dynamic viscoelasticity. Considering the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the inclusion of citrate ester-based plasticizer can improve the durability of dental soft polymer materials.
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