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Sukhan ZP, Hossen S, Cho Y, Lee WK, Kho KH. Hdh-Tektin-4 Regulates Motility of Fresh and Cryopreserved Sperm in Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870743. [PMID: 35547812 PMCID: PMC9081794 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As structural components of sperm, tektins are thought to play a fundamental role in sperm flagellar motility. In this study, Tektin-4 (Hdh-TEKT4) gene was successfully cloned and characterized from the testis tissue in Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. The full-length cDNA of Hdh-TEKT4 was 1,983 bp, with a coding region of 1,350 bp encoding 51.83 kDa putative protein of 449 deduced amino acids. Hdh-TEKT4 contains a tektin domain including a nonapeptide signature motif (RPGVDLCRD). Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that Hdh-TEKT4 localized in the spermatids of Pacific abalone testis. qRT-PCR analysis showed that Hdh-TEKT4 was predominantly expressed in testis tissues. Hdh-TEKT4 mRNA expression was upregulated during the fully mature testicular developmental stage in both seasonal development and EAT exposed abalone. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Hdh-TEKT4 was significantly higher in sperm with higher motility than in sperm with lower motility during peak breeding season, induced spawning activity stages, and after cryopreservation in different cryoprotectants. Taken together, these results indicate that the expression of Hdh-TEKT4 in Pacific abalone sperm might have a positive correlation with sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Parvez Sukhan
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Shaharior Hossen
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Yusin Cho
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Won Kyo Lee
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Kang Hee Kho
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Long-read RNA sequencing of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai reveals innate immune system responses to environmental stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:131-145. [PMID: 35122948 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Haliotis discus hannai is a commercially important mollusk species, and the abalone aquaculture sector has been jeopardized by deteriorating environmental circumstances such as bacterial infection and thermal stress during the hot summers. However, due to a paucity of genetic information, such as transcriptome resources, our understanding of their stress adaptation is restricted. In this research, using single-molecule long-read (SMRT) sequencing technology, a library composed of ten tissues (i.e., haemocytes, gills, muscle, hepatopancreas, digestive tract, mantle, mucous gland, ovary, testis and head) was constructed and sequenced. In all, 41,855 high-quality unique transcripts, among which 24,778 were successfully annotated. Additionally, 13,463 SSRs, 1,169 transcription factors, and 18,124 lncRNAs were identified in H. discus hannai transcriptome. Furthermore, multiple immune-related transcripts were identified according to KEGG annotation, and a portion of these transcripts were mapped into several classical immune-related pathways, including the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Additionally, 24 typical sequences related to the immunity pathway were detected by RT-PCR; the results showed that most of the immune-related genes showed significantly high expression at 72 h after bacterial challenges and thermal stress, especially the expression level of genes in gills was significantly higher than that in haemocytes under V. parahaemolyticus stress at 24 h. At the same time. The analysis of alternative splicing identified several innate immunity-related functions genes, including CD109 and caspase 2. These results suggest that the complex immune system, particularly the powerful innate immunity system, was crucial for H. discus hannai response to numerous environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Sun
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Choi MJ, Oh YD, Kim YR, Lim HK, Kim JM. Use of a gene encoding zona pellucida 4 as a female-specific marker for early stage sexual differentiation and size dimorphism in the pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 225:106687. [PMID: 33454618 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth rates of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai are an important trait affecting the economic value in the abalone aquaculture industry. A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of tissues from H. discus hannai was conducted for sexually mature gonads to determine male- and female-specific target gene expression, including genes encoding zona pellucida domain 4 (zp4), sperm protein (sp) and lysin (lys), respectively. Sex-specific expression patterns of these gene expression, even in sexually immature abalone, indicate these genes can be used as sensitive and robust sex-specific molecular markers. The RT-PCR procedure was also performed to analyze tissues collected at various developmental stages (50-day intervals) beginning at fertilization to determine when sex differentiation and expression of sex-specific genes was initiated. Detection of zp4 transcript in tissues collected at 200 days post-fertilization (dpf) indicated egg-specific development starts at 150-200 dpf. To evaluate possible sex-specific differences in growth rate, there was conducting of a molecular marker-based sex identification of abalone from a population selected for rapid growth rate. In a group of large H. discus hannai, females were more prevalent than males. To assess the correlation between growth and sex, there was comparison of weights of 3-year-old Pacific abalone in specimens where there had been sex determinations by visual examination and molecular methods. The results indicated females weighed more (55.92 ± 9.38 g, n = 15) than males (43.64 ± 15.55 g, n = 6, P = 0.037), indicating females had a more rapid growth rate than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jin Choi
- Department of Fisheries Biology, PuKyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dae Oh
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21, College of Pharmacy Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Reum Kim
- Department of Fisheries Biology, PuKyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Kyu Lim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21, College of Pharmacy Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Myoung Kim
- Department of Fisheries Biology, PuKyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Proteome of larval metamorphosis induced by epinephrine in the Fujian oyster Crassostrea angulata. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:675. [PMID: 32993483 PMCID: PMC7525975 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Fujian oyster Crassostrea angulata is an economically important species that has typical settlement and metamorphosis stages. The development of the oyster involves complex morphological and physiological changes, the molecular mechanisms of which are as yet unclear. Results In this study, changes in proteins were investigated during larval settlement and metamorphosis of Crassostrea angulata using epinephrine induction. Protein abundance and identity were characterized using label-free quantitative proteomics, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS), and Mascot methods. The results showed that more than 50% (764 out of 1471) of the quantified proteins were characterized as differentially expressed. Notably, more than two-thirds of the differentially expressed proteins were down-regulated in epinephrine-induced larvae. The results showed that “metabolic process” was closely related to the development of settlement and metamorphosis; 5 × 10− 4 M epinephrine induced direct metamorphosis of larvae and was non-toxic. Calmodulin and MAPK pathways were involved in the regulation of settlement of the oyster. Expression levels of immune-related proteins increased during metamorphosis. Hepatic lectin-like proteins, cadherins, calmodulin, calreticulin, and cytoskeletal proteins were involved in metamorphosis. The nervous system may be remodeled in larval metamorphosis induced by epinephrine. Expression levels of proteins that were enriched in the epinephrine signaling pathway may reflect the developmental stage of the larvae, that may reflect whether or not larvae were directly involved in metamorphosis when the larvae were treated with epinephrine. Conclusion The study provides insight into proteins that function in energy metabolism, immune responses, settlement and metamorphosis, and shell formation in C. angulata. The results contribute valuable information for further research on larval settlement and metamorphosis. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Sharker MR, Sukhan ZP, Kim SC, Rha SJ, Kho KH. In silico prediction of neuropeptides from the neural ganglia of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Mollusca: Gastropoda). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1708485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Sharker
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Z. P. Sukhan
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - S. C. Kim
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - S.-J. Rha
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - K. H. Kho
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
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Kim MA, Markkandan K, Han NY, Park JM, Lee JS, Lee H, Sohn YC. Neural Ganglia Transcriptome and Peptidome Associated with Sexual Maturation in Female Pacific Abalone ( Haliotis discus hannai). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040268. [PMID: 30987054 PMCID: PMC6523705 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic information of reproduction and growth is essential for sustainable molluscan fisheries and aquaculture management. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the reproductive activity of the commercially important Pacific abalone Haliotisdiscushannai. We performed de novo transcriptome sequencing of the ganglia in sexually immature and mature female Pacific abalone to better understand the sexual maturation process and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Of the ~305 million high-quality clean reads, 76,684 transcripts were de novo-assembled with an average length of 741 bp, 28.54% of which were annotated and classified according to Gene Ontology terms. There were 256 differentially expressed genes between the immature and mature abalone. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis, as compared to the predicted-peptide database of abalone ganglia transcriptome unigenes, identified 42 neuropeptide precursors, including 29 validated by peptidomic analyses. Label-free quantification revealed differential occurrences of 18 neuropeptide families between immature and mature abalone, including achatin, FMRFamide, crustacean cardioactive peptide, and pedal peptide A and B that were significantly more frequent at the mature stage. These results represent the first significant contribution to both maturation-related transcriptomic and peptidomic resources of the Pacific abalone ganglia and provide insight into the roles of various neuropeptides in reproductive regulation in marine gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.
- The East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.
| | | | - Na-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Jong-Moon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Jung Sick Lee
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
| | - Hookeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Molecular Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.
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Shen M, Di G, Li M, Fu J, Dai Q, Miao X, Huang M, You W, Ke C. Proteomics Studies on the three Larval Stages of Development and Metamorphosis of Babylonia areolata. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6269. [PMID: 29674673 PMCID: PMC5908917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ivory shell, Babylonia areolata, is a commercially important aquaculture species in the southeast coast of mainland China. The middle veliger stage, later veliger stage, and juvenile stage are distinct larval stages in B. areolata development. In this study, we used label-free quantification proteomics analysis of the three developmental stages of B. areolata. We identified a total of 5,583 proteins, of which 1,419 proteins expression level showed significant differential expression. The results of gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the number of proteins involved in metabolic and cellular processes were the most abundant. Those proteins mostly had functions such as binding, catalytic activity and transporter activity. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that the number of proteins involved in the ribosome, carbon metabolism, and lysosome pathways were the most abundant, indicating that protein synthesis and the immune response were active during the three stages of development. This is the first study to use proteomics and real-time PCR to study the early developmental stages of B. areolata, which could provide relevant data on gastropod development. Our results provide insights into the novel aspects of protein function in shell formation, body torsion, changes in feeding habits, attachment and metamorphosis, immune-related activities in B. areolata larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 570206, China
| | - Guilan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jingqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiulian Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Miaoqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Alternative Splicing Profile and Sex-Preferential Gene Expression in the Female and Male Pacific Abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8030099. [PMID: 28282934 PMCID: PMC5368703 DOI: 10.3390/genes8030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the female or male transcriptome of the Pacific abalone and further increase genomic resources, we sequenced the mRNA of full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries derived from pooled tissues of female and male Haliotis discus hannai by employing the Iso-Seq protocol of the PacBio RSII platform. We successfully assembled whole full-length cDNA sequences and constructed a transcriptome database that included isoform information. After clustering, a total of 15,110 and 12,145 genes that coded for proteins were identified in female and male abalones, respectively. A total of 13,057 putative orthologs were retained from each transcriptome in abalones. Overall Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analyzed in each database showed a similar composition between sexes. In addition, a total of 519 and 391 isoforms were genome-widely identified with at least two isoforms from female and male transcriptome databases. We found that the number of isoforms and their alternatively spliced patterns are variable and sex-dependent. This information represents the first significant contribution to sex-preferential genomic resources of the Pacific abalone. The availability of whole female and male transcriptome database and their isoform information will be useful to improve our understanding of molecular responses and also for the analysis of population dynamics in the Pacific abalone.
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Wang T, Nuurai P, McDougall C, York PS, Bose U, Degnan BM, Cummins SF. Identification of a female spawn-associated Kazal-type inhibitor from the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:461-70. [PMID: 27352998 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abalone (Haliotis) undergoes a period of reproductive maturation, followed by the synchronous release of gametes, called broadcast spawning. Field and laboratory studies have shown that the tropical species Haliotis asinina undergoes a two-week spawning cycle, thus providing an excellent opportunity to investigate the presence of endogenous spawning-associated peptides. In female H. asinina, we have isolated a peptide (5145 Da) whose relative abundance in hemolymph increases substantially just prior to spawning and is still detected using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography chromatograms up to 1-day post-spawn. We have isolated this peptide from female hemolymph as well as samples prepared from the gravid female gonad, and demonstrated through comparative sequence analysis that it contains features characteristic of Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (KPIs). Has-KPI is expressed specifically within the gonad of adult females. A recombinant Has-KPI was generated using a yeast expression system. The recombinant Has-KPI does not induce premature spawning of female H. asinina when administered intramuscularly. However it displays homomeric aggregations and interaction with at least one mollusc-type neuropeptide (LRDFVamide), suggesting a role for it in regulating neuropeptide endocrine communication. This research provides new understanding of a peptide that can regulate reproductive processes in female abalone, which has the potential to lead to the development of greater control over abalone spawning. The findings also highlight the need to further explore abalone reproduction to clearly define a role for novel spawning-associated peptide in sexual maturation and spawning. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Wang
- Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Parinyaporn Nuurai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Carmel McDougall
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Patrick S York
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Utpal Bose
- Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Scott F Cummins
- Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia
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Mendoza-Porras O, Botwright NA, Reverter A, Cook MT, Harris JO, Wijffels G, Colgrave ML. Identification of differentially expressed reproductive and metabolic proteins in the female abalone (Haliotis laevigata) gonad following artificial induction of spawning. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 24:127-138. [PMID: 27268288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient control of temperate abalone spawning prevents pair-wise breeding and production of abalone with highly marketable traits. Traditionally, abalone farmers have used a combination of UV irradiation and application of temperature gradients to the tank water to artificially induce spawning. Proteins are known to regulate crucial processes such as respiration, muscle contraction, feeding, growth and reproduction. Spawning as a pre-requisite of abalone reproduction is likely to be regulated, in part, by endogenous proteins. A first step in elucidating the mechanisms that regulate spawning is to identify which proteins are directly involved during spawning. The present study examined protein expression following traditional spawning induction in the Haliotis laevigata female. Gonads were collected from abalone in the following physiological states: (1) spawning; (2) post-spawning; and (3) failed-to-spawn. Differential protein abundance was initially assessed using two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry for protein identification. A number of reproductive proteins such as vitellogenin, vitelline envelope zona pellucida domain 29 and prohibitin, and metabolic proteins such as thioredoxin peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and heat shock proteins were identified. Differences in protein abundance levels between physiological states were further assessed using scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Positive associations were observed between the abundance of specific proteins, such as heat shock cognate 70 and peroxiredoxin 6, and the propensity or failure to spawn in abalone. These findings have contributed to better understand both the effects of oxidative and heat stress over abalone physiology and their influence on abalone spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mendoza-Porras
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, South Australia 5001, Australia; Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Science Park Adelaide, Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Natasha A Botwright
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
| | - Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
| | - Mathew T Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
| | - James O Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Gene Wijffels
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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