1
|
Bacterioferritin nanocage: Structure, biological function, catalytic mechanism, self-assembly and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
2
|
Singhal N, Pandey D, Singh NS, Kumar M, Virdi JS. Exploring the genetic determinants underlying the differential production of an inducible chromosomal cephalosporinase - BlaB in Yersinia enterocolitica biotypes 1A, 1B, 2 and 4. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10167. [PMID: 32576927 PMCID: PMC7311522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an enteric bacterium which can cause severe gastroenteritis. Beta-lactams are the most widely used antibiotics against Y. enterocolitica. Y. enterocolitica produces two chromosomal β-lactamases, BlaA and BlaB. BlaB is an Ambler Class C inducible broad spectrum cephlaosporinase which showed differential enzyme activity in different biotypes of Y. enterocolitica. The expression of blaB is mainly regulated by ampR- the transcriptional regulator and, ampD - which helps in peptidoglycan recycling. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize genetic determinants underlying differential enzyme activity of BlaB in Y. enterocolitica biotypes 1 A, IB, 2 and 4. Thus, ampR, blaB and ampD were PCR-amplified and modeled in silico. The intercistronic region containing promoters of ampR and blaB was also investigated. Our results indicated that blaB was more inducible in biotypes 2 and 4, than in biotypes 1 A and 1B. Superimposition of in silico modeled proteins suggested that variations in amino acid sequences of AmpR, BlaB and AmpD were not responsible for hyper-production of BlaB in biotypes 2 and 4. Analysis of promoter regions of ampR and blaB revealed variations at -30, -37 and -58 positions from blaB transcription start site. Studies on relative expression levels of blaB in different biotypes by qRT-PCR indicated that nucleotide variations at these positions might contribute to a higher enzyme activity of BlaB in biotypes 2 and 4. However, this is a preliminary study and further studies including more strains of each biotype are required to strengthen our findings. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has investigated the genetic determinants underlying differential inducible production of BlaB in different biotypes of Y. enterocolitica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Deeksha Pandey
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ducarmon QR, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, van Schaik W, Young VB, Kuijper EJ. Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00007-19. [PMID: 31167904 PMCID: PMC6710460 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is critical in providing resistance against colonization by exogenous microorganisms. The mechanisms via which the gut microbiota provide colonization resistance (CR) have not been fully elucidated, but they include secretion of antimicrobial products, nutrient competition, support of gut barrier integrity, and bacteriophage deployment. However, bacterial enteric infections are an important cause of disease globally, indicating that microbiota-mediated CR can be disturbed and become ineffective. Changes in microbiota composition, and potential subsequent disruption of CR, can be caused by various drugs, such as antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, antidiabetics, and antipsychotics, thereby providing opportunities for exogenous pathogens to colonize the gut and ultimately cause infection. In addition, the most prevalent bacterial enteropathogens, including Clostridioides difficile, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes, can employ a wide array of mechanisms to overcome colonization resistance. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on how the gut microbiota can mediate colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection and on how bacterial enteropathogens can overcome this resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q R Ducarmon
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - B V H Hornung
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - W van Schaik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - V B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E J Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ormsby MJ, Grahame E, Burchmore R, Davies RL. Comparative bioinformatic and proteomic approaches to evaluate the outer membrane proteome of the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. J Proteomics 2019; 199:135-147. [PMID: 30831250 PMCID: PMC6447952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the aetiological agent of enteric redmouth (ERM) disease and is responsible for significant economic losses in farmed salmonids. Enteric redmouth disease is associated primarily with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) but its incidence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is increasing. Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative bacteria are located at the host-pathogen interface and play important roles in virulence. The outer membrane of Y. ruckeri is poorly characterised and little is known about its composition and the roles of individual OMPs in virulence. Here, we employed a bioinformatic pipeline to first predict the OMP composition of Y. ruckeri. Comparative proteomic approaches were subsequently used to identify those proteins expressed in vitro in eight representative isolates recovered from Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. One hundred and forty-one OMPs were predicted from four Y. ruckeri genomes and 77 of these were identified in three or more genomes and were considered as "core" proteins. Gel-free and gel-based proteomic approaches together identified 65 OMPs in a single reference isolate and subsequent gel-free analysis identified 64 OMPs in the eight Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout isolates. Together, our gel-free and gel-based proteomic analyses identified 84 unique OMPs in Y. ruckeri. SIGNIFICANCE: Yersinia ruckeri is an important pathogen of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout and is of major economic significance to the aquaculture industry worldwide. Disease outbreaks are becoming more problematic in Atlantic salmon and there is an urgent need to investigate in further detail the cell-surface (outer membrane) composition of strains infecting each of these host species. Currently, the outer membrane of Y. ruckeri is poorly characterised and very little is known about the OMP composition of strains infecting each of these salmonid species. This study represents the most comprehensive comparative outer membrane proteomic analysis of Y. ruckeri to date, encompassing isolates of different biotypes, serotypes, OMP-types and hosts of origin and provides insights into the potential roles of these diverse proteins in host-pathogen interactions. The study has identified key OMPs likely to be involved in disease pathogenesis and makes a significant contribution to furthering our understanding of the cell-surface composition of this important fish pathogen that will be relevant to the development of improved vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Edward Grahame
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, TCRC, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 1QH, UK
| | - Robert L Davies
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiménez-Munguía I, Calderón-Santiago M, Rodríguez-Franco A, Priego-Capote F, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ. Multi-omic profiling to assess the effect of iron starvation in Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4966. [PMID: 29915696 PMCID: PMC6004102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied multi-omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) to study the effect of iron starvation on the Gram-positive human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae to elucidate global changes in the bacterium in a condition similar to what can be found in the host during an infectious episode. We treated the reference strain TIGR4 with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate. DNA microarrays revealed changes in the expression of operons involved in multiple biological processes, with a prevalence of genes coding for ion binding proteins. We also studied the changes in protein abundance by 2-DE followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis of total cell extracts and secretome fractions. The main proteomic changes were found in proteins related to the primary and amino sugar metabolism, especially in enzymes with divalent cations as cofactors. Finally, the metabolomic analysis of intracellular metabolites showed altered levels of amino sugars involved in the cell wall peptidoglycan metabolism. This work shows the utility of multi-perspective studies that can provide complementary results for the comprehension of how a given condition can influence global physiological changes in microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez-Munguía
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba; Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mónica Calderón-Santiago
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Córdoba; Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba; Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Feliciano Priego-Capote
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Córdoba; Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel J Rodríguez-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba; Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomic analysis of food borne pathogens following the mode of action of the disinfectants based on pyridoxal oxime derivatives. Food Res Int 2017; 99:560-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
7
|
In Brucella : Selective pressure may turn some genes on instead of default off position. Med Hypotheses 2017; 103:29-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Kumar G, Hummel K, Ahrens M, Menanteau-Ledouble S, Welch TJ, Eisenacher M, Razzazi-Fazeli E, El-Matbouli M. Shotgun proteomic analysis of Yersinia ruckeri strains under normal and iron-limited conditions. Vet Res 2016; 47:100. [PMID: 27716418 PMCID: PMC5054536 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease of fish that causes significant economic losses, particularly in salmonids. Bacterial pathogens differentially express proteins in the host during the infection process, and under certain environmental conditions. Iron is an essential nutrient for many cellular processes and is involved in host sensing and virulence regulation in many bacteria. Little is known about proteomics expression of Y. ruckeri in response to iron-limited conditions. Here, we present whole cell protein identification and quantification for two motile and two non-motile strains of Y. ruckeri cultured in vitro under iron-sufficient and iron-limited conditions, using a shotgun proteomic approach. Label-free, gel-free quantification was performed using a nanoLC-ESI and high resolution mass spectrometry. SWATH technology was used to distinguish between different strains and their responses to iron limitation. Sixty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in four Y. ruckeri strains. These proteins were involved in processes including iron ion capture and transport, and enzymatic metabolism. The proteins were confirmed to be differentially expressed at the transcriptional level using quantitative real time PCR. Our study provides the first detailed proteome analysis of Y. ruckeri strains, which contributes to our understanding of virulence mechanisms of Y. ruckeri, and informs development of novel control methods for enteric redmouth disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research/Proteomics Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maike Ahrens
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timothy J Welch
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, USA
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research/Proteomics Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martinović T, Andjelković U, Gajdošik MŠ, Rešetar D, Josić D. Foodborne pathogens and their toxins. J Proteomics 2016; 147:226-235. [PMID: 27109345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Foodborne pathogens, mostly bacteria and fungi, but also some viruses, prions and protozoa, contaminate food during production and processing, but also during storage and transport before consuming. During their growth these microorganisms can secrete different components, including toxins, into the extracellular environment. Other harmful substances can be also liberated and can contaminate food after disintegration of food pathogens. Some bacterial and fungal toxins can be resistant to inactivation, and can survive harsh treatment during food processing. Many of these molecules are involved in cellular processes and can indicate different mechanisms of pathogenesis of foodborne organisms. More knowledge about food contaminants can also help understand their inactivation. In the present review the use of proteomics, peptidomics and metabolomics, in addition to other foodomic methods for the detection of foodborne pathogenic fungi and bacteria, is overviewed. Furthermore, it is discussed how these techniques can be used for discovering biomarkers for pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens, determining the mechanisms by which they act, and studying their resistance upon inactivation in food of animal and plant origin. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Comprehensive and comparative view into the genome and proteome of foodborne pathogens of bacterial or fungal origin and foodomic, mostly proteomic, peptidomic and metabolomic investigation of their toxin production and their mechanism of action is necessary in order to get further information about their virulence, pathogenicity and survival under stress conditions. Furthermore, these data pave the way for identification of biomarkers to trace sources of contamination with food-borne microorganisms and their endo- and exotoxins in order to ensure food safety and prevent the outbreak of food-borne diseases. Therefore, detection of pathogens and their toxins during production, transport and before consume of food produce, as well as protection against food spoilage is a task of great social, economic and public health importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Martinović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Uroš Andjelković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martina Šrajer Gajdošik
- Department of Chemistry, University of J. J. Strossmayer, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dina Rešetar
- Centre of High-throughput Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Djuro Josić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Broadbent JA, Broszczak DA, Tennakoon IUK, Huygens F. Pan-proteomics, a concept for unifying quantitative proteome measurements when comparing closely-related bacterial strains. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:355-65. [PMID: 26889693 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1155986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of proteomes between genetically heterogeneous bacterial strains may offer valuable insights into physiological diversity and function, particularly where such variation aids in the survival and virulence of clinically-relevant strains. However, reports of such comparisons frequently fail to account for underlying genetic variance. As a consequence, the current knowledge regarding bacterial physiological diversity at the protein level may be incomplete or inaccurate. To address this, greater consideration must be given to the impact of genetic heterogeneity on proteome comparisons. This may be possible through the use of pan-proteomics, an analytical concept that permits the ability to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the proteomes of genetically heterogeneous organisms. Limited examples of this emerging technology highlight currently unmet analytical challenges. In this article we define pan-proteomics, where its value lies in microbiology, and discuss the technical considerations critical to its successful execution and potential future application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Broadbent
- a Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia.,b Molecular Microbiological Pathogenesis Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Daniel A Broszczak
- a Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Imalka U K Tennakoon
- b Molecular Microbiological Pathogenesis Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- b Molecular Microbiological Pathogenesis Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kanaujia PK, Bajaj P, Virdi JS. Analysis of iron acquisition and storage-related genes in clinical and non-clinical strains of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A. APMIS 2015. [PMID: 26223204 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Possession of mechanisms for iron acquisition and its storage enhances the ability of the bacteria to survive in the iron-limiting environment of the host. In this study, 81 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A isolated from various clinical (n = 51) and non-clinical (n = 30) sources were investigated for the presence of the genes related to iron acquisition and storage. Important genes which were present in more than 85% of the strains included hasA, foxA, bfr, bfd, ftnA, and hmsT as well as the fhuCDB, fepBDGCfesfepA, feoAB, yfuABCD, hemPRSTUV, and hmsHFRS gene clusters. Majority of these genes is being reported for the first time in biovar 1A strains and showed significant homology with genes present in the known pathogenic biovars of Y. enterocolitica. However, no significant difference was observed in the distribution of iron acquisition and storage-related genes among clinical and non-clinical biovar 1A strains. Thus, it may be suggested that the presence of iron acquisition and storage-related genes per se might not be responsible for the supposedly better ability of clinical biovar 1A strains to cause infections in humans. However, in the backdrop of this data, the need to undertake functional studies are highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|