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Chun LY, Dahmer DJ, Amin SV, Hariprasad SM, Skondra D. Update on Current Microbiological Techniques for Pathogen Identification in Infectious Endophthalmitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11883. [PMID: 36233183 PMCID: PMC9570044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious endophthalmitis is a vision-threatening medical emergency that requires prompt clinical diagnosis and the initiation of treatment. However, achieving precision in endophthalmitis management remains challenging. In this review, we provide an updated overview of recent studies that are representative of the current trends in clinical microbiological techniques for infectious endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Y. Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Donavon J. Dahmer
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Shivam V. Amin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seenu M. Hariprasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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2
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Chiquet C, Bron AM, Lundström M, Maurin M. Acute postoperative endophthalmitis: Microbiology from the laboratory to the bedside. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:1698-1710. [PMID: 35843367 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative endophthalmitis is a dreaded complication of intraocular surgery. Acute presentations need prompt management and good knowledge of differential diagnoses. In the last 10 years, progress in direct microbial detection and identification from intraocular samples included the use of blood culture systems and, more recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, improving the rate of bacterial identification. Whatever the method used, diagnostic sensitivity is better for vitreous samples than for aqueous humor samples. Besides, molecular biology techniques have further improved the identification rate of infectious agents in intraocular samples. They also provide faster results compared to culture-based techniques. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) can also determine the bacterial load in intraocular samples. Several studies have shown that intraocular bacterial loads in endophthalmitis patients are usually high, which helps differentiating infection from contamination. The prognostic value of qPCR remains to be validated. Whole genome DNA sequencing technologies facilitate direct and sequencing of single DNA molecules. They have the potential to increase the rate of microbiological identification. Some antibiotic resistance markers (e.g., methicillin resistance in staphylococci and vancomycin resistance in enterococci) may be detected earlier using molecular techniques (usually real-time PCR tests). Early determination of the involved microorganism and their antibiotic resistances can help establishing an earlier therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chiquet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Grenoble, France; Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Alain M Bron
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France; Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Mats Lundström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU, Grenoble, Alpes; University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, INP; CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
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3
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Pauter K, Szultka-Młyńska M, Buszewski B. Determination and Identification of Antibiotic Drugs and Bacterial Strains in Biological Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E2556. [PMID: 32486359 PMCID: PMC7321139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics were initially natural substances. However, nowadays, they also include synthetic drugs, which show their activity against bacteria, killing or inhibiting their growth and division. Thanks to these properties, many antibiotics have quickly found practical application in the fight against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, gastrointestinal infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis and septicemia. Antibiotic resistance is currently a detrimental problem; therefore, in addition to the improvement of antibiotic therapy, attention should also be paid to active metabolites in the body, which may play an important role in exacerbating the existing problem. Taking into account the clinical, cognitive and diagnostic purposes of drug monitoring, it is important to select an appropriate analytical method that meets all the requirements. The detection and identification of the microorganism responsible for the infection is also an essential factor in the implementation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. In recent years, clinical microbiology laboratories have experienced revolutionary changes in the way microorganisms are identified. The MALDI-TOF MS technique may be interesting, especially in some areas where a quick analysis is required, as is the case with clinical microbiology. This method is not targeted, which means that no prior knowledge of the infectious agent is required, since identification is based on a database match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pauter
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.P.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.P.); (B.B.)
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.P.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Deepthi KG, Prabagaran SR. Ocular bacterial infections: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104206. [PMID: 32330515 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a rigid asymmetric structure with unique defence system. Despite considerable resident microbiota, eye is exposed to external environment where a range of microorganisms also inhabits. Opportunistically, some of these microorganisms could associate with eye pathogen that could contact incidentally, leading to destructive visual consequences. Among such microbiota, bacteria form the major proportion concerning ocular complications worldwide. The succession of genome based approach through 16S rRNA gene based identification tremendously augmented the knowledge on diversity of ocular surface bacteria. Such evidence suggests that while few bacteria contribute towards normal ocular functions, considerable number of bacteria play active role in pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Thus, understanding the complexity of ocular microflora not only throw light on their critical role towards normal function of the eye, but also enlighten on certain visual exigencies. Under these circumstances, development of a rapid, reliable and cost effective method is essential that eventually evolve as a routine diagnostic protocol. Such precise prognostic modalities facilitate ophthalmologists to formulate pioneering therapeutics towards challenging ocular diseases.
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Chun LY, Dolle-Molle L, Bethel C, Dimitroyannis RC, Williams BL, Schechet SA, Hariprasad SM, Missiakas D, Schneewind O, Beavis KG, Skondra D. Rapid pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in in vitro endophthalmitis with matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and VITEK 2 without prior culture. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227071. [PMID: 31887220 PMCID: PMC6936829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prompt clinical diagnosis and initiation of treatment are critical in the management of infectious endophthalmitis. Current methods used to identify causative agents of infectious endophthalmitis are mostly inefficient, owing to suboptimal sensitivity, length, and cost. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can be used to rapidly identity pathogens without a need for culture. Similarly, automated antimicrobial susceptibility test systems (AST, VITEK 2) provide accurate antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. In this proof-of-concept study, we apply these technologies for the direct identification and characterization of pathogens in vitreous samples, without culture, as an in vitro model of infectious endophthalmitis. METHODS Vitreous humor aspirated from freshly enucleated porcine eyes was inoculated with different inocula of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and incubated at 37°C. Vitreous endophthalmitis samples were centrifuged and pellets were directly analyzed with MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK 2 without prior culture. S. aureus colonies that were conventionally grown on culture medium were used as control samples. Time-to-identification, minimum concentration of bacteria required for identification, and accuracy of results compared to standard methods were determined. RESULTS MALDI-TOF MS achieved accurate pathogen identification from direct analysis of intraocular samples with confidence values of up to 99.9%. Time from sample processing to pathogen identification was <30 minutes. The minimum number of bacteria needed for positive identification was 7.889x106 colony forming units (cfu/μl). Direct analysis of intraocular samples with VITEK 2 gave AST profiles that were up to 94.4% identical to the positive control S. aureus analyzed per standard protocol. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the direct analysis of vitreous samples with MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK 2 without prior culture could serve as new, improved methods for rapid, accurate pathogen identification and targeted treatment design in infectious endophthalmitis. In vivo models and standardized comparisons against other microbiological methods are needed to determine the value of direct analysis of intraocular samples from infectious endophthalmitis with MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Y. Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Dolle-Molle
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cindy Bethel
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rose C. Dimitroyannis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Blake L. Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sidney A. Schechet
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Seenu M. Hariprasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathleen G. Beavis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago Hospitals and Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Bao QD, Liu TX, Xie M, Tian X. Exogenous endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus casseliflavus: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3904-3911. [PMID: 31799321 PMCID: PMC6887601 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i22.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophthalmitis caused by Enterococci is rare, and cases involving vancomycin-resistant enterococci are even rarer. We report the first case of Enterococcus casseliflavus endophthalmitis associated with injury caused by a pig. We also review reported cases of exogenous endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus casseliflavus and discuss the clinical management and prognosis of this disease.
CASE SUMMARY A 43-year-old man with no previous visual problems complained of endophthalmitis in his left eye following injury caused by a pig. Visual acuity was light perception and B-ultrasonography revealed vitreous opacities with retinal detachment. He was treated with intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime after refusing vitrectomy. However, the vitreous opacities and retinal detachment deteriorated and he underwent vitrectomy 5 d post-injury. Intraoperatively, advanced rhegmatogenous and tractional retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy were observed. On postoperative day 5, vitreous cultures grew Gram-positive cocci identified as Enterococcus casseliflavus. A 2-wk course of intravenous ampicillin and dexamethasone was commenced. On postoperative day 14, visual acuity improved to hand movement. At 6 mo post-injury, visual acuity improved to 20/667, but optic atrophy was present.
CONCLUSION Systemic administration of linezolid in the treatment of Enterococcus casseliflavus endophthalmitis can improve visual acuity. However, intravitreal amikacin should be considered despite concerns of toxicity when oral linezolid fails to prompt improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Dong Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tai-Xiang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Meng Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
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Xu S, Zhou C, Zhang P, Feng C, Zhang T, Sun Z, Zhuang H, Chen H, Chang Q, Jiang R, Li H, Ni Y. Diagnostic Performance of MALDI-TOF MS Compared to Conventional Microbiological Cultures in Patients with Suspected Endophthalmitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 28:483-490. [PMID: 31116624 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1583346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the performance and speed of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) when identifying the pathogenic microorganism of endophthalmitis compared to conventional microbiological culturing.Methods: Forty-four patients with suspected endophthalmitis who had undergone vitrectomy were enrolled. Vitreous specimen was analyzed using either conventional culturing or MALDI-TOF MS.Results: The identification rates of the conventional microbiological culture and MALDI-TOF MS were 45.5% (20/44) and 65.9% (29/44), respectively (Kappa value 0.787, P < 0.000). The mean detection times by the standard culturing method and MALDI-TOF MS were 5.39 ± 0.56d and 3.17 ± 0.40d (P < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MALDI-TOF MS were 70.59%, 54.17%, 80.00%, and 86.67%, respectively. Polymicrobial endophthalmitis was identified in 6.82% of the patients (3/44) using conventional microbiological culturing. However, MALDI-TOF MS failed to identify any polymicrobial infection.Conclusions: With a higher sensitivity, acceptable specificity and a shorter detection time, MALDI-TOF MS was an efficient technique for the rapid identification of a pathogenic microorganism in endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyi Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongcui Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huayin Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqin Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ceruloplasmin, transferrin and apolipoprotein A-II play important role in treatment's follow-up of paracoccidioidomycosis patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206051. [PMID: 30359420 PMCID: PMC6201901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease caused by thermodymorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, (Paracoccidioides spp.). Patients with PCM reveal specific cellular immune impairment. Despite the effective treatment, quiescent fungi can lead to relapse, usually late, the serological diagnosis of which has been deficient. The present study was carried out with the objective of investigating a biomarker for the identification of PCM relapse and another molecule behaving as an immunological recovery biomarker; therefore, it may be used as a cure criterion. In the evolutionary analysis of the proteins identified in PCM patients, comparing those that presented with those that did not reveal relapse, 29 proteins were identified. The interactions observed between the proteins, using transferrin and haptoglobin, as the main binding protein, were strong with all the others. Patient follow-up suggests that cerulosplamin may be a marker of relapse and that transferrin and apolipoprotein A-II may contribute to the evaluation of the treatment efficacy and avoiding a premature decision.
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Management of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis and the role of vitrectomy. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:677-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sylvestre TF, Cavalcante RDS, da Silva JDF, Paniago AMM, Weber SS, Pauletti BA, de Carvalho LR, dos Santos LD, Mendes RP. Serological proteomic biomarkers to identify Paracoccidioides species and risk of relapse. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202804. [PMID: 30157221 PMCID: PMC6114792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of the double agar gel immunodiffusion test is about 90% in patients with untreated paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), but it is much lower in cases of relapse. In addition, serum from patients with PCM caused by Paracoccidioides lutzii, frequent in the Midwest region of Brazil, do not react with the classical antigen obtained from Pb B-339. These findings showed the need for alternative diagnostic methods, such as biological markers through proteomics. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers for the safe identification of PCM relapse and specific proteins that could distinguish infections caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from those produced by Paracoccidioides lutzii. Proteomic analysis was performed in serum from 9 patients with PCM caused by P. brasiliensis, with and without relapse, from 4 patients with PCM produced by P. lutzii, and from 3 healthy controls. The comparative evaluation of the 29 identified plasma proteins suggested that the presence of the immunoglobulin (Ig) alpha-2 chain C region and the absence of Ig heavy chain V-III TIL indicate infection by P. lutzii. In addition, the absence of complement factor B protein might be a predictor of relapse. The evaluation of these proteins in a higher number of patients should be carried out in order to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Faculdade de Medicina, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Itacoatiara, Brazil
| | | | - Lídia Raquel de Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociência de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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