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He H, Wang J, Meng Z, Dijkwel PP, Du P, Shi S, Dong Y, Li H, Xie Q. Genome-Wide Analysis of the SRPP/ REF Gene Family in Taraxacum kok-saghyz Provides Insights into Its Expression Patterns in Response to Ethylene and Methyl Jasmonate Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6864. [PMID: 38999970 PMCID: PMC11241686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a model plant and a potential rubber-producing crop for the study of natural rubber (NR) biosynthesis. The precise analysis of the NR biosynthesis mechanism is an important theoretical basis for improving rubber yield. The small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and rubber elongation factor (REF) are located in the membrane of rubber particles and play crucial roles in rubber biosynthesis. However, the specific functions of the SRPP/REF gene family in the rubber biosynthesis mechanism have not been fully resolved. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the 10 TkSRPP and 2 TkREF genes' family members of Russian dandelion and a comprehensive investigation on the evolution of the ethylene/methyl jasmonate-induced expression of the SRPP/REF gene family in TKS. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 12 TkSRPP/REFs proteins were divided into five subclades. Our study revealed one functional domain and 10 motifs in these proteins. The SRPP/REF protein sequences all contain typical REF structural domains and belong to the same superfamily. Members of this family are most closely related to the orthologous species T. mongolicum and share the same distribution pattern of SRPP/REF genes in T. mongolicum and L. sativa, both of which belong to the family Asteraceae. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication events played a key role in the expansion of the TkSRPP/REFs gene family. The expression levels of most TkSRPP/REF members were significantly increased in different tissues of T. kok-saghyz after induction with ethylene and methyl jasmonate. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of candidate genes for the molecular breeding of T. kok-saghyz and the precise resolution of the mechanism of natural rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Paul P Dijkwel
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Pingping Du
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shandang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yuxuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Quanliang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Composition properties of rubber from parts of Taraxacum Kok-saghyz roots. J RUBBER RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Distribution of the non-isoprene components in the four Hevea brasiliensis latex centrifugation fractions. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dai L, Yang H, Zhao X, Wang L. Identification of cis conformation natural rubber and proteins in Ficus altissima Blume latex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:376-384. [PMID: 34404008 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ficus altissima Blume, a horticultural plant in tropical and warm subtropical regions, can produce natural rubber with comparable molecular weight to the Hevea brasiliensis rubber. The F. altissima latex has an acidic pH (about 4.89). The rubber particle size distribution is a unimodal profile, and the peak frequency is at a size of 4.5 μm. The natural rubber of F. altissima was determined to be a cis conformation via 13C NMR. The Mp (molecular weight of the peak maxima) of the deproteinized F. altissima rubber was 9.34 × 105 Da. LC-MS was used to identify the proteins of rubber particles and serum. The most abundant protein of the creamy rubber particle layer is an acid phosphatase, while the most abundant proteins of serum were an (R)-mandelonitrilelyase and a polygalacturonase inhibitor. Pharmaceutical proteins (ficins) or enzymes related to the biosynthesis of natural medicines (a cannabidiolic acid synthase and two lupeol synthase) were identified in F. altissima latex. The data of this study may be helpful for research on the functions of latex in latex-borne plants and the biosynthesis mechanism of natural rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Xizhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan, PR China.
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Identification and Characterization of Glycoproteins and Their Responsive Patterns upon Ethylene Stimulation in the Rubber Latex. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155282. [PMID: 32722428 PMCID: PMC7432319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is an important industrial material, which is obtained from the only commercially cultivated rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. In rubber latex production, ethylene has been extensively used as a stimulant. Recent research showed that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of latex proteins, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation and ubiquitination, are crucial in natural rubber biosynthesis. In this study, comparative proteomics was performed to identify the glycosylated proteins in rubber latex treated with ethylene for different days. Combined with Pro-Q Glycoprotein gel staining and mass spectrometry techniques, we provided the first visual profiling of glycoproteomics of rubber latex and finally identified 144 glycosylated protein species, including 65 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) after treating with ethylene for three and/or five days. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that these ethylene-responsive glycoproteins are mainly involved in cell parts, membrane components and metabolism. Pathway analysis demonstrated that these glycosylated rubber latex proteins are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, degradation function and cellular processes in rubber latex metabolism. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that these DAPs are mainly centered on acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) in the mevalonate pathway for natural rubber biosynthesis. In our glycoproteomics, three protein isoforms of HMGS2 were identified from rubber latex, and only one HMGS2 isoform was sharply increased in rubber latex by ethylene treatment for five days. Furthermore, the HbHMGS2 gene was over-expressed in a model rubber-producing grass Taraxacum Kok-saghyz and rubber content in the roots of transgenic rubber grass was significantly increased over that in the wild type plant, indicating HMGS2 is the key component for natural rubber production.
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Ye Z, Wu Y, Ul Haq Muhammad Z, Yan W, Yu J, Zhang J, Yao G, Hu X. Complementary transcriptome and proteome profiling in the mature seeds of Camellia oleifera from Hainan Island. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226888. [PMID: 32027663 PMCID: PMC7004384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera Abel. (C. oleifera), as an important woody tree species producing edible oils in China, has attracted enormous attention due to its abundant unsaturated fatty acids and their associated benefits to human health. To reveal novel insights into the characters during the maturation period of this plant as well as the molecular basis of fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation, we conducted a conjoint analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of C. oleifera seeds from Hainan Island. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology and shotgun proteomic method, 59,391 transcripts and 40,500 unigenes were obtained by TIGR Gene Indices Clustering Tools (TGICL), while 1691 protein species were identified from Mass Spectrometry (MS). Subsequently, all genes and proteins were employed in euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) classification, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis to investigate their essential functions. The results indicated that the most abundant pathways were biological metabolic processes. There were 946 unigenes associated with lipid metabolism at the transcriptome level, with 116 proteins at the proteome level; among these, 38 specific proteins were involved in protein-protein interactions, with the majority being related to fatty acid catabolic process. The expression levels of 21 candidate unigenes encoding target proteins were further detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out to determine the fatty acid composition of C. oleifera oil. These findings not only deepened our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid metabolism but also offered new evidence concerning the roles of relevant proteins in oil-bearing crops. Furthermore, the lipid-associated proteins recognized in this research might be helpful in providing a reference for the synthetic regulation of C. oleifera oil quality by genetic engineering techniques, thus resulting in potential application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouchen Ye
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yougen Wu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zeeshan Ul Haq Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wuping Yan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Guanglong Yao
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xinwen Hu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
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Proteomic Landscape Has Revealed Small Rubber Particles Are Crucial Rubber Biosynthetic Machines for Ethylene-Stimulation in Natural Rubber Production. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205082. [PMID: 31614967 PMCID: PMC6829444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubber particles are a specific organelle for natural rubber biosynthesis (NRB) and storage. Ethylene can significantly improve rubber latex production by increasing the generation of small rubber particles (SRPs), regulating protein accumulation, and activating many enzyme activities. We conducted a quantitative proteomics study of different SRPs upon ethylene stimulation by differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) methods. In DIGE, 79 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were determined as ethylene responsive proteins. Our results show that the abundance of many NRB-related proteins has been sharply induced upon ethylene stimulation. Among them, 23 proteins were identified as rubber elongation factor (REF) and small rubber particle protein (SRPP) family members, including 16 REF and 7 SRPP isoforms. Then, 138 unique phosphorylated peptides, containing 129 phosphorylated amino acids from the 64 REF/SRPP family members, were identified, and most serine and threonine were phosphorylated. Furthermore, we identified 226 DAPs from more than 2000 SRP proteins by iTRAQ. Integrative analysis revealed that almost all NRB-related proteins can be detected in SRPs, and many proteins are positively responsive to ethylene stimulation. These results indicate that ethylene may stimulate latex production by regulating the accumulation of some key proteins. The phosphorylation modification of REF and SRPP isoforms might be crucial for NRB, and SRP may act as a complex natural rubber biosynthetic machine.
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Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Sielicka A, Chmurzyński L. MALDI-MS for polymer characterization – Recent developments and future prospects. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Xie Q, Ding G, Zhu L, Yu L, Yuan B, Gao X, Wang D, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li H, Wang X. Proteomic Landscape of the Mature Roots in a Rubber-Producing Grass Taraxacum Kok-saghyz. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102596. [PMID: 31137823 PMCID: PMC6566844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubber grass Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) contains large amounts of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) in its enlarged roots and it is an alternative crop source of natural rubber. Natural rubber biosynthesis (NRB) and storage in the mature roots of TKS is a cascade process involving many genes, proteins and their cofactors. The TKS genome has just been annotated and many NRB-related genes have been determined. However, there is limited knowledge about the protein regulation mechanism for NRB in TKS roots. We identified 371 protein species from the mature roots of TKS by combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Meanwhile, a large-scale shotgun analysis of proteins in TKS roots at the enlargement stage was performed, and 3545 individual proteins were determined. Subsequently, all identified proteins from 2-DE gel and shotgun MS in TKS roots were subject to gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses and most proteins were involved in carbon metabolic process with catalytic activity in membrane-bounded organelles, followed by proteins with binding ability, transportation and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis activities. Fifty-eight NRB-related proteins, including eight small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and two rubber elongation factor(REF) members, were identified from the TKS roots, and these proteins were involved in both mevalonate acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. To our best knowledge, it is the first high-resolution draft proteome map of the mature TKS roots. Our proteomics of TKS roots revealed both MVA and MEP pathways are important for NRB, and SRPP might be more important than REF for NRB in TKS roots. These findings would not only deepen our understanding of the TKS root proteome, but also provide new evidence on the roles of these NRB-related proteins in the mature TKS roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanliang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Guohua Ding
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Boxuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Xuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
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Men X, Wang F, Chen GQ, Zhang HB, Xian M. Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber: Current State and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E50. [PMID: 30583567 PMCID: PMC6337083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is a kind of indispensable biopolymers with great use and strategic importance in human society. However, its production relies almost exclusively on rubber-producing plants Hevea brasiliensis, which have high requirements for growth conditions, and the mechanism of natural rubber biosynthesis remains largely unknown. In the past two decades, details of the rubber chain polymerization and proteins involved in natural rubber biosynthesis have been investigated intensively. Meanwhile, omics and other advanced biotechnologies bring new insight into rubber production and development of new rubber-producing plants. This review summarizes the achievements of the past two decades in understanding the biosynthesis of natural rubber, especially the massive information obtained from the omics analyses. Possibilities of natural rubber biosynthesis in vitro or in genetically engineered microorganisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Men
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
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