1
|
Riccio S, Childs K, Jackson B, Graham SP, Seago J. The Identification of Host Proteins That Interact with Non-Structural Proteins-1α and -1β of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-1. Viruses 2023; 15:2445. [PMID: 38140685 PMCID: PMC10747794 DOI: 10.3390/v15122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV-1 and -2) are the causative agents of one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies, largely focused on PRRSV-2, have shown that non-structural protein-1α (NSP1α) and NSP1β modulate host cell responses; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel PRRSV-1 NSP1-host protein interactions to improve our knowledge of NSP1-mediated immunomodulation. NSP1α and NSP1β from a representative western European PRRSV-1 subtype 1 field strain (215-06) were used to screen a cDNA library generated from porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the primary target cell of PRRSV, using the yeast-2-hybrid system. This identified 60 putative binding partners for NSP1α and 115 putative binding partners for NSP1β. Of those taken forward for further investigation, 3 interactions with NSP1α and 27 with NSP1β were confirmed. These proteins are involved in the immune response, ubiquitination, nuclear transport, or protein expression. Increasing the stringency of the system revealed NSP1α interacts more strongly with PIAS1 than PIAS2, whereas NSP1β interacts more weakly with TAB3 and CPSF4. Our study has increased our knowledge of the PRRSV-1 NSP1α and NSP1β interactomes, further investigation of which could provide detailed insight into PRRSV immunomodulation and aid vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Riccio
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Kay Childs
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Ben Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp1β Stabilizes HIF-1α to Enhance Viral Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0317322. [PMID: 36416550 PMCID: PMC9769882 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03173-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide since the late 1980s. Severe interstitial pneumonia is the typical pathological characteristic of PRRSV-infected swine. Accumulating evidence has suggested that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) plays vital roles in the development of inflammation and the viral life cycle. However, the role and the underlying mechanism of HIF-1α in PRRSV infection remain elusive. Here, we found that PRRSV infection elevated HIF-1α expression. Furthermore, overexpression of HIF-1α increased PRRSV replication, whereas knockdown of HIF-1α inhibited PRRSV infection. Our further mechanistic analysis revealed that PRRSV-encoded nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) promoted HIF-1α transcription via its N-terminal nuclease activity and degraded the polyubiquitin chain of HIF-1α via its C-terminal deubiquitylation (DUB) enzyme activity, collectively stabilizing HIF-1α. Meanwhile, nsp1β interacted with both HIF-1α and von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) to form a ternary complex, which may have hindered pVHL-mediated ubiquitination degradation of HIF-1α by impairing the interaction between HIF-1α and pVHL. Interestingly, pVHL also stabilized nsp1β via K63-linked ubiquitination, forming a positive feedback loop to stabilize HIF-1α. Taken together, these results indicate that PRRSV infection stabilizes HIF-1α to facilitate viral proliferation and that viral nsp1β plays a vital role in enhancing the expression and stabilization of HIF-1α. The regulation of HIF-1α may have great therapeutic potential for the development of novel drugs against PRRSV. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has devastated the swine industry worldwide for over 30 years and shows no signs of slowing down. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection elevated hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression. In addition, overexpressed HIF-1α contributed to PRRSV replication, whereas knockdown of HIF-1α reduced PRRSV growth. The PRRSV-encoded nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) exerted a stabilizing effect on HIF-1α through its nuclease protease and papain-like cysteine protease enzymatic domains. PRRSV nsp1β also interacted with von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) and HIF-1α, whereby nsp1β impaired the interaction between HIF-1α and pVHL. This work deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in PRRSV infection and provides new insights for the development of HIF-1α-based anti-PRRSV therapies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li H, Wan B, Jiang D, Ji P, Zhao M, Li X, Li R, Qiao S. Proteomic Investigation Reveals Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A Involvement in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:861137. [PMID: 35498732 PMCID: PMC9043857 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.861137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most serious animal pathogens in the world, has caused enormous global swine industry losses. An in-depth investigation of the PRRSV-host interaction would be beneficial for preventing and controlling PRRSV infections and transmission. In this study, we performed label-free quantitative proteomic assays to investigate proteome dynamics of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during infection with highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain HN07-1. Analysis of the results led to identification of 269 significantly differentially expressed host cellular proteins, of which levels of proteins belonging to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) family were found to be decreased in abundance in HP-PRRSV-infected PAMs. Furthermore, knockdown of eIF5A expression was demonstrated to markedly suppress HP-PRRSV propagation, as reflected by reduced progeny virus titers in vitro. These results highlight the importance of eIF5A in PRRSV infection, while also demonstrating that PAMs down-regulate eIF5A expression as a host cell antiviral strategy. Results of the current study deepen our understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis and provide novel insights to guide development of effective strategies to combat the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xinfeng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Li
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Songlin Qiao
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun R, Guo Y, Li X, Li R, Shi J, Tan Z, Zhang L, Zhang L, Han J, Huang J. PRRSV Non-Structural Proteins Orchestrate Porcine E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF122 to Promote PRRSV Proliferation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020424. [PMID: 35216017 PMCID: PMC8874583 DOI: 10.3390/v14020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a major role in immune regulation after viral infection. An alternatively spliced porcine E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF122 promoted PRRSV infection and upregulated in PRRSV-infected PAM cells was identified. We characterized the core promoter of RNF122, located between −550 to −470 bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), which displayed significant differential transcriptional activities in regulating the transcription and expression of RNF122. The transcription factor HLTF was inhibited by nsp1α and nsp7 of PRRSV, and the transcription factor E2F complex regulated by nsp9. Together, they modulated the transcription and expression of RNF122. RNF122 could mediate K63-linked ubiquitination to raise stability of PRRSV nsp4 protein and thus promote virus replication. Moreover, RNF122 also performed K27-linked and K48-linked ubiquitination of MDA5 to degrade MDA5 and inhibit IFN production, ultimately promoted virus proliferation. In this study, we illustrate a new immune escape mechanism of PRRSV that enhances self-stability and function of viral nsp4, thus, regulating RNF122 expression to antagonize IFNα/β production. The present study broadens our knowledge of PRRSV-coding protein modulating transcription, expression and modification of host protein to counteract innate immune signaling, and may provide novel insights for the development of antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 reduces porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection through proteasomal degradation of nsp3 and nsp5. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101548. [PMID: 34971707 PMCID: PMC8888461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of heparin sulfate, has also been reported to be a host factor essential for a wide variety of pathogens. However, the role of EXT1 in PRRSV infection remains uncharted. Here we identified that PRRSV infection caused an increase of EXT1 expression. EXT1 knockdown promoted virus infection, while its overexpression inhibited virus infection, suggesting an inhibitory function of EXT1 to PRRSV infection. We found that EXT1 had no effects on the attachment, internalization, or release of PRRSV, but did restrict viral RNA replication. EXT1 was determined to interact with viral non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) and nsp5 via its N-terminal cytoplasmic tail and to enhance K48-linked polyubiquitination of these two nsps to promote their degradation. Furthermore, the C-terminal glycosyltransferase activity domain of EXT1 was necessary for nsp3 and nsp5 degradation. We also found that EXT2, a EXT1 homologue, interacted with EXT1 and inhibited PRRSV infection. Similarly, EXT1 effectively restricted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) infection in Vero cells. Taken together, this study reveals that EXT1 may serve as a broad-spectrum host restriction factor and suggests a molecular basis for the potential development of therapeutics against PRRSV infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Zheng H, Zhu J, Dong Q, Wang J, Fan H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Han X, Li Q, Lu J, Tong Y, Chen Z. Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells Reveals Insights into Virus-Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2224-2239. [PMID: 33666082 PMCID: PMC7945586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health. The mechanism of pathogenesis and the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we applied a quantitative proteomic technology to identify and quantify the ubiquitination changes that occur in both the virus and the Vero E6 cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. By applying label-free, quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, 8943 lysine ubiquitination sites on 3086 proteins were identified, of which 138 sites on 104 proteins were quantified as significantly upregulated, while 828 sites on 447 proteins were downregulated at 72 h post-infection. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection might modulate host immune responses through the ubiquitination of important proteins, including USP5, IQGAP1, TRIM28, and Hsp90. Ubiquitination modification was also observed on 11 SAR-CoV-2 proteins, including proteins involved in virus replication and inhibition of the host innate immune response. Our study provides new insights into the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the host as well as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R.
China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Huahao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Xiaohu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qianlin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A swine arterivirus deubiquitinase stabilizes two major envelope proteins and promotes production of viral progeny. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009403. [PMID: 33735221 PMCID: PMC7971519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses that assemble and egress using the host cell’s exocytic pathway. In previous studies, we demonstrated that most arteriviruses use a unique -2 ribosomal frameshifting mechanism to produce a C-terminally modified variant of their nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2). Like full-length nsp2, the N-terminal domain of this frameshift product, nsp2TF, contains a papain-like protease (PLP2) that has deubiquitinating (DUB) activity, in addition to its role in proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins. In cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), nsp2TF localizes to compartments of the exocytic pathway, specifically endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi complex. Here, we show that nsp2TF interacts with the two major viral envelope proteins, the GP5 glycoprotein and membrane (M) protein, which drive the key process of arterivirus assembly and budding. The PRRSV GP5 and M proteins were found to be poly-ubiquitinated, both in an expression system and in cells infected with an nsp2TF-deficient mutant virus. In contrast, ubiquitinated GP5 and M proteins did not accumulate in cells infected with the wild-type, nsp2TF-expressing virus. Further analysis implicated the DUB activity of the nsp2TF PLP2 domain in deconjugation of ubiquitin from GP5/M proteins, thus antagonizing proteasomal degradation of these key viral structural proteins. Our findings suggest that nsp2TF is targeted to the exocytic pathway to reduce proteasome-driven turnover of GP5/M proteins, thus promoting the formation of GP5-M dimers that are critical for arterivirus assembly. Arteriviruses are a rapidly expanding family of positive-stranded RNA viruses, which includes economically important veterinary pathogens like equine arteritis virus (EAV) and two species of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2). In our previous studies, we uncovered an unprecedented arterivirus gene expression mechanism: a highly efficient -2 programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) that is controlled by an interaction of viral protein nsp1ß with specific RNA sequences and host poly(C) binding proteins. It is used by PRRSVs, and most other arteriviruses, to efficiently produce a previously unknown nonstructural protein variant, nsp2TF. In this study, we demonstrate that PRRSV nsp2TF interacts with the two major arteriviral envelope proteins, GP5 and M, whose heterodimerization in the secretory pathway is a key step in envelope protein trafficking and virus assembly. Our findings suggest that nsp2TF promotes arterivirus assembly by antagonizing the ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of GP5 and M proteins. This mechanism is based on the DUB activity of the PLP2 protease domain located within the N-terminal region of nsp2TF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that viruses can express a DUB that functions specifically to counteract the ubiquitination and degradation of key viral structural proteins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng X, Zhu Y, Zhao Z, Yan L, Xu T, Wang X, He H, Xia X, Zheng W, Xue X. RNA sequencing analyses of gene expressions in a canine macrophages cell line DH82 infected with canine distemper virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104206. [PMID: 31982604 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Virulent morbillivirus infections, including Meals Virus (MeV) and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), caused severe immune suppression and leukopenia, while attenuated vaccine strains developed protective host immune responses. However, the detailed molecular foundations of host antiviral responses were poorly characterized. In order to better understand the interactions between attenuated vaccine and host antiviral responses, the global gene expression changes in CDV-11-infected DH82 cells, a macrophage-derived cell line from canine, were investigated by transcriptomic analysis, and portions of results were confirmed with quantitative RT-PCR. The results exhibited that 372 genes significantly up-regulated (p < .01) and 119 genes were significantly down-regulated (p < .01) in CDV-infected macrophages DH82 at 48 h p.i.. The enriched functions of the significantly up-regulated (p < .01) genes were closely associated with interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), chemokine genes and pro-inflammatory factor genes. Gene ontology and pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the most significantly involved pathways in CDV-infected DH82 cells were NF-κB and TNF signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptor signalings. Thus, the findings indicated that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) possibly mediated host innate and protective antiviral immune responses in CDV-11 infected DH82 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhao
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lina Yan
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hongbin He
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xianghong Xue
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Su J, Zhang X, He B, Ge X, Han J, Zhou L, Guo X, Yang H. Identification of three site mutations in nonstructural protein 1β, glycoprotein 3 and glycoprotein 5 that correlate with increased interferon α resistance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108395. [PMID: 31500730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically significant pathogen that has been recognized for its genetic variation, rapid evolution, and immune suppression. Type I interferons (IFNs) play an important role in host defense against viral infection by inducing many antiviral effectors, which might be a selective pressure driving viral evolution towards IFN resistance. To investigate the IFN resistance-related variation of PRRSV genome under IFN selective pressure and explore the molecular mechanism of IFN sensitivity changes, PRRSV strain JXwn06 was serially propagated in porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with IFNα treatment for 45 passages and 3 rounds of purification. Four mutant strains named JX-αP51n (n = 1, 2, 3 and 4) with reduced IFNα sensitivity were selected; the strains showed a 100-fold higher titer than the passaging-control strain JX-P51 in IFNα-treated PAMs. IFNα-resistant strains were found to antagonize the IFNα-activated JAK-STAT signaling pathway to a greater extent than the nonresistant strain by down-regulating the expression level of IFNα-activated pJAK1 through interfering with phosphatase. Furthermore, the PRRSV genetic variations interacting with IFNα were identified by full genomic sequencing and alignment. Among these mutations, amino acid substitutions in nsp1β (E87 G), GP3 (F143 L) and GP5 (Y136 H) were found to correlate with increased IFNα resistance by enhancing the suppression effect on pJAK1, which could be further increased if these three substitution sites were combined. These findings provide some novel evidence for understanding PRRSV genetic variation under host selective pressure and viral evolution strategies to evade the host innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Bicheng He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li R, Chen C, He J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zhang W, Tan K, Huang J. E3 ligase ASB8 promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proliferation by stabilizing the viral Nsp1α protein and degrading host IKKβ kinase. Virology 2019; 532:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
11
|
Overexpression of RACK1 enhanced the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Marc-145 cells and promoted the NF-κB activation via upregulating the expression and phosphorylation of TRAF2. Gene 2019; 709:75-83. [PMID: 31129249 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative pathogen for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which lead to huge loss to porcine industry. RACK1 (receptor of activated protein C kinase 1) was first identified as a receptor for protein kinase C. Mounting evidence demonstrated that RACK1 played diverse roles in NF-κB activation and virus infections. We previously reported that siRNA knockdown of RACK1 inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells, abrogated NF-κB activation induced by PRRSV infection and reduced the viral titer. Here we established a Marc-145 cell line which could stably overexpress RACK1 to consolidate our findings. Based on the data from RT-qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, cytopathic effects and viral titer analysis, we concluded that overexpression of RACK1 could enhance the replication of PRRSV in Marc-145 cells and promote the NF-κB activation via upregulating TRAF2 expression and its phosphorylation. Marc-145 cells overexpressing RACK1exhibited severe cytopathic effects post infection with PRRSV and elevated the viral titer. Taken together, RACK1 plays an essential role for PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells and NF-κB activation. The results presented here shed more light on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection and its subsequent NF-κB activation. Therefore, we anticipate RACK1 as a promising target for PRRS control.
Collapse
|
12
|
Qian S, Zhan X, Lu M, Li N, Long Y, Li X, Desiderio DM, Zhan X. Quantitative Analysis of Ubiquitinated Proteins in Human Pituitary and Pituitary Adenoma Tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 31191455 PMCID: PMC6540463 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that is associated with multiple diseases, including pituitary adenomas (PAs). Protein ubiquitination profiling in human pituitary and PAs remains unknown. Here, we performed the first ubiquitination analysis with an anti-ubiquitin antibody (specific to K-ε-GG)-based label-free quantitative proteomics method and bioinformatics to investigate protein ubiquitination profiling between PA and control tissues. A total of 158 ubiquitinated sites and 142 ubiquitinated peptides in 108 proteins were identified, and five ubiquitination motifs were found. KEGG pathway network analysis of 108 ubiquitinated proteins identified four statistically significant signaling pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, hippo signaling pathway, ribosome, and nucleotide excision repair. R software Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of 108 ubiquitinated proteins revealed that protein ubiquitination was involved in multiple biological processes, cellular components, and molecule functions. The randomly selected ubiquitinated 14-3-3 zeta/delta protein was further analyzed with Western blot, and it was found that upregulated 14-3-3 zeta/delta protein in nonfunctional PAs might be derived from the significantly decreased level of its ubiquitination compared to control pituitaries, which indicated a contribution of 14-3-3 zeta/delta protein to pituitary tumorigenesis. These findings provided the first ubiquitinated proteomic profiling and ubiquitination-involved signaling pathway networks in human PAs. This study offers new scientific evidence and basic data to elucidate the biological functions of ubiquitination in PAs, insights into its novel molecular mechanisms of pituitary tumorigenesis, and discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for effective treatment of PAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shehua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miaolong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Long
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dominic M. Desiderio
- The Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|