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Kubat J, Paterson R, Patramanis I, Barker G, Demeter F, Filoux A, Kullmer O, Mackie M, Marques-Bonet T, Huong NTM, Tuan NA, Pheng S, Rippengal J, Schrenk F, Souksavatdy V, Tshen LT, Wattanapituksakul A, Wang W, Zanolli C, Cappellini E, Bacon AM. Geometric morphometrics and paleoproteomics enlighten the paleodiversity of Pongo. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291308. [PMID: 38100471 PMCID: PMC10723683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleistocene Pongo teeth show substantial variation in size and morphology, fueling taxonomic debates about the paleodiversity of the genus. We investigated prominent features of the enamel-dentine-junction junction (EDJ)-phylogenetically informative internal structures-of 71 fossil Pongo lower molars from various sites by applying geometric morphometrics and conducted paleoproteomic analyses from enamel proteins to attempt to identify extinct orangutan species. Forty-three orangutan lower molars representing Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii were included for comparison. The shape of the EDJ was analyzed by placing five landmarks on the tip of the main dentine horns, and 142 semilandmarks along the marginal ridges connecting the dentine horns. Paleoproteomic analyses were conducted on 15 teeth of Late Pleistocene Pongo using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The geometric morphometric results show variations in EDJ shape regarding aspects of the height and position of the dentine horns and connecting ridges. Despite the issue of molar position and sample size, modern molars are distinguished from fossil counterparts by their elongated tooth outline and narrowly positioned dentine horns. Proteomic results show that neither a distinction of P. pygmaeus and P. abelii, nor a consistent allocation of fossil specimens to extant species is feasible. Based on the EDJ shape, the (late) Middle to Late Pleistocene Pongo samples from Vietnam share the same morphospace, supporting the previous allocation to P. devosi, although substantial overlap with Chinese fossils could also indicate close affinities with P. weidenreichi. The hypothesis that both species represent one chronospecies cannot be ruled out. Two fossil specimens, one from Tam Hay Marklot (Laos, Late Pleistocene), and another from Sangiran (Java, Early to Middle Pleistocene), along with some specimens within the Punung sample (Java), exhibit affinities with Pongo abelii. The Punung fossils might represent a mix of early Late Pleistocene and later specimens (terminal Pleistocene to Holocene) related to modern Pongo. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the complete Punung sample needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jülide Kubat
- CNRS, BABEL, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ryan Paterson
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Graeme Barker
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- UMR 7206 Eco Anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Filoux
- Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Meaghan Mackie
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nguyen Thi Mai Huong
- Anthropological and Palaeoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Anh Tuan
- Anthropological and Palaeoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Sytha Pheng
- Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jessica Rippengal
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Friedemann Schrenk
- Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viengkeo Souksavatdy
- Department of Heritage, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Lim Tze Tshen
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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