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Skakoon-Sparling S, Fairbrother N, Socha P, Faaborg-Andersen M, Noor SW, Hart TA. Multidimensional Measurement of Attitudes Toward Consensual Non-Monogamy. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38437686 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2320454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Despite increased interest in consensual non-monogamy (CNM), significant stigma remains against CNM. Consequently, there is a need for scales to assess attitudes toward CNM. In response to this need we developed the Multidimensional Attitudes toward CNM Scale (MACS). Items were developed in consultation with content experts and data were collected from two samples at two different Canadian Universities. Fit indices of exploratory (Sample A) and confirmatory (Sample B) factor analysis suggested a 16-item scale with three underlying factors: CNM is Dysfunctional, CNM is Immoral, and CNM is Healthy and Satisfying. Validity analyses, conducted using the combined sample (n = 806; 79% women; 67% heterosexual), demonstrated that participants with higher MACS total scores (i.e. more negative attitudes) were less likely to have ever been involved in a CNM relationship and were more likely to report monogamy as their ideal relationship style. Higher MACS scores were also associated with more negative attitudes toward bisexuality and toward women, and higher scores on measures of homophobia and jealousy. In contrast, individuals with higher scores on the CNM is Healthy subscale tended to score higher on measures of empathy. The MACS demonstrates strong psychometric properties and can assist in better understanding attitudes toward CNM relationships in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skakoon-Sparling
- Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University
- Psychology, University of Guelph
| | | | - P Socha
- Psychiatry, University of British Columbia
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University
| | | | - S W Noor
- Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University
- Kinesiology & Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport
| | - T A Hart
- Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
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Kimhy D, Ospina LH, Beck-Felts K, Lister A, Omene C, Bodenhausen G, Mittal V. Psychiatric and affective predictors of negative racial attitudes. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115376. [PMID: 37531817 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Negative Racial Attitudes (NRA) have been identified as major contributors to discrimination and inequalities. Previous studies of predictors of NRA have focused largely on socioeconomic, socialization, social attitudes, and personality characteristics. Yet, the potential links of psychiatric and affective indicators to NRA have received little scientific inquiry. Three-hundred-and-two participants completed measures of explicit, covert, and implicit NRA, along with indices of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), mood symptoms, affective processing, social attitudes, and personality characteristics. Explicit and covert NRA were significantly correlated with difficulty identifying and describing feelings, use of suppression to regulate emotion, and the PLEs domains of perceptual abnormalities, bizarre experiences, and persecutory ideation, along with social attitudes and personality characteristics. Implicit NRA was not associated with any indicators. Next, employing hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses, the affective and psychiatric indicators accounted 5.2% and 10.4% of the explicit and covert NRA variance, respectively, controlling for previously identified predictors including demographics, social attitudes, and personality characteristics. Our results point to newly identified predictors of NRA including difficulties identifying and describing emotions, use of suppression to regulate emotions, as well as PLEs, specifically perceptual abnormalities. We discuss the implications of the findings to the development and adaptation of anti-racism interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; MIRECC, The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Luz H Ospina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katie Beck-Felts
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Lister
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Coral Omene
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Galen Bodenhausen
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Vijay Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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Doubková N, Heissler R, Barcaj M, Sanders E, Preiss M. Does personality functioning relate to attitude toward minorities? Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:319-330. [PMID: 36204774 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between negative attitudes and psychopathology is not yet clear. The current shift to a dimensional approach to mental disorders, as reflected in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11 models of personality disorders, seems to enrich the traditional approach to study attitudes. This study investigates whether and how impairments in personality functioning are linked to attitudes toward minorities. A comparison of levels of impairment in global and Self and interpersonal personality functioning, negative attitudes, social distance, and racism was conducted in the sample of 127 adults from the general population group (n = 69) and a group of people with diagnosed personality disorders (n = 58). Differences between both groups were found. The personality disorders group showed higher impairment in personality functioning, scored higher on negative attitude measures, and was more prone to the blatant expression of attitudes than the general population. The association between attitudes and personality functioning did not fully reflect these trends. However, given the nature of differences, it is suspected that the proclivity to the blatant expression of negative attitudes could go beyond negative attitudes toward minorities themselves and reflect disorder-related characteristics, that is, more problematic and conflicted relationships with others in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Doubková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Heissler
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Barcaj
- Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edel Sanders
- University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sebold M, Chen H, Önal A, Kuitunen-Paul S, Mojtahedzadeh N, Garbusow M, Nebe S, Wittchen HU, Huys QJM, Schlagenhauf F, Rapp MA, Smolka MN, Heinz A. Stronger Prejudices Are Associated With Decreased Model-Based Control. Front Psychol 2022; 12:767022. [PMID: 35069341 PMCID: PMC8767058 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prejudices against minorities can be understood as habitually negative evaluations that are kept in spite of evidence to the contrary. Therefore, individuals with strong prejudices might be dominated by habitual or "automatic" reactions at the expense of more controlled reactions. Computational theories suggest individual differences in the balance between habitual/model-free and deliberative/model-based decision-making. Methods: 127 subjects performed the two Step task and completed the blatant and subtle prejudice scale. Results: By using analyses of choices and reaction times in combination with computational modeling, subjects with stronger blatant prejudices showed a shift away from model-based control. There was no association between these decision-making processes and subtle prejudices. Conclusion: These results support the idea that blatant prejudices toward minorities are related to a relative dominance of habitual decision-making. This finding has important implications for developing interventions that target to change prejudices across societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleyna Önal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Negin Mojtahedzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Nebe
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Liao C, Gu X, He J, Jiao Y, Xia F, Feng Z. Development and validation of police mental health ability scale. J Occup Health 2022; 64:e12366. [PMID: 36262048 PMCID: PMC9582374 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Police officers are generally under long-term occupational stress. Good mental health ability enables them to better deal with emergencies and enhance their combat effectiveness. We aimed to develop the Police Mental Health Ability Scale (PMHAS) to provide a reference for police selection and ability training. METHODS Through literature analysis, individual interviews, half-open and half-closed questionnaire surveys, and expert consultations, the components of police mental health ability (PMHA) were theoretically constructed. Then, we enrolled 824 in-service police officers who participated in the training in Chongqing City and Sichuan Province from November 2018 to January 2019 and recovered 767 valid questionnaires (recovery rate, 93.08%). RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis generated five factors for PMHAS, including cognitive intelligence, emotional catharsis, swift decisiveness, behavioral drive, and reward pursuit, accounting for 58.904% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the model fit well (χ2/df = 1.117, RMSEA = 0.020, GFI = 0.948, CFI = 0.990, IFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.987). The correlation coefficients of factors (r = -0.023 ~ 0.580) were lower than that of each factor and total score (r = 0.477 ~ 0.819). The Cronbach's α coefficients of PMHAS and its factors were 0.606-0.863, and the test-retest reliabilities were 0.602-0.732. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PMHAS is reliable and valid enough for measuring PMHA, which shows that it is a potentially valuable tool for assessing the mental health ability of police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengju Liao
- Department of Medical PsychologyArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xingmei Gu
- Department of Medical EnglishArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jian He
- Sanjiang Civilian Police Training BaseChongqing Public Security BureauChongqingChina
| | - Yonggang Jiao
- Sanjiang Civilian Police Training BaseChongqing Public Security BureauChongqingChina
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Medical PsychologyArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhengzhi Feng
- Department of Medical PsychologyArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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