1
|
Abdelhalim KM, El-Sakka AI. Relationship between maternal age and anogenital distance in patients with primary hypospadias: A case-control study. Arab J Urol 2020; 19:166-172. [PMID: 34104492 PMCID: PMC8158201 DOI: 10.1080/2090598x.2020.1831425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the correlation between maternal age and anogenital distance (AGD) in patients with hypospadias. Patients, subjects and methods A total of 82 participants were divided into two groups, Group 1 included 52 male children with different types of primary hypospadias and Group 2 included 30 normal controls. In both groups, child age and weight, maternal age, and AGD were recorded. In Group 1, the Glans-Urethral Meatus-Shaft score was used to categorise the patients into mild (score 3–6), moderate (score 7–9) and severe (score 10–12) hypospadias. Results Both groups were similar for maternal age, child age and child weight (P = 0.308, P = 0.283 and P = 0.664, respectively). The mean (SD) AGD was 4.64 (1.23) and 5.33 (1.01) cm for groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.011). Patients in Group 1 were subdivided regarding severity of hypospadias into mild (40.4%), moderate (38.5%) and severe (21.1%). There was a significant relationship between older maternal age and short AGD in both groups (P < 0.001 for Group 1 and P = 0.001 for Group 2). In Group 1, there was a significant correlation between both short AGD and older maternal age, and severe hypospadias (both P < 0.001). Maternal age of ≥34 years significantly predicted a severe hypospadias score (10–12) (sensitivity 100% and specificity 68.3%). Conclusion Older maternal age is associated with a shorter AGD in patients with hypospadias and controls. Maternal age of ≥34 years is significantly correlated with patients with severe hypospadias.
Collapse
|
2
|
Piñeyro-Ruiz C, Chorna NE, Pérez-Brayfield MR, Jorge JC. Severity-Dependent Profile of the Metabolome in Hypospadias. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:202. [PMID: 32391298 PMCID: PMC7192966 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective: Hypospadias, characterized by the displacement of the opening of the urethra at any point in the medial-ventral side of the penis, is classified upon severity as mild (Type I) and severe (Type II and Type III) hypospadias. Hypospadias' etiology is idiopathic in the majority of cases, and underlying causes seem of multifactorial origin. Studies regarding genetic variants support this notion. It is unknown whether downstream gene products fit this profile. This study evaluated the metabolome of hypospadias by using the emerging technology of metabolomics in the search for distinct cellular processes associated with hypospadias' etiology according to the severity of this congenital urogenital condition. Methods: Foreskin samples were collected during urethroplasty from boys with Type I, II, and III hypospadias or undergoing elective circumcision (N = 28) between 5 and 28 months of age. Samples were processed and submitted to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). MetaboloAnalyst (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) online platform was used for bioinformatic analyses. Results: Thirty-five metabolites across experimental groups were identified by GC/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that the metabolome of Type II and Type III hypospadias patients differs from the metabolome of Type I hypospadias and control patients. Of those 35, 10 amino acids were found in significantly low concentrations in severe hypospadias: aspartate, glutamate, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, and tyrosine. A high concentration of the amino acid lysine was detected in mild hypospadias. Conclusions: The observed downregulation of specific amino acids in severe hypospadias provides alternative routes for future research aiming to identify disrupted networks and pathways while considering the severity of hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coriness Piñeyro-Ruiz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, United States
| | - Nataliya E Chorna
- Department of Biochemistry, PR-INBRE Metabolomics Research Core, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, United States
| | | | - Juan Carlos Jorge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Li Y, Mao Y, Ma M. Steroid 5-alpha-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) gene V89L polymorphism and hypospadias risk: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol 2017; 13:630.e1-630.e9. [PMID: 28713005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation in males, in which the urethral orifice is found on the ventral side of the penis as a result of incomplete fusion of urethral folds. The etiology of hypospadias is poorly understood, and may be multifactorial, including genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. The steroid 5-alpha-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) gene, which is mainly expressed in the ventral side of the urethra in the process of male genital development, plays an important role in urethral shaping. OBJECTIVE To investigate, with database searches of related published papers, whether SRD5A2 gene V89L polymorphism has an association with hypospadias risk. METHODS The following databases were searched for relevant papers, and all published case-control studies of hypospadias were used to perform a meta-analysis: PubMed, Embase, Springer Link, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Weipu. A quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale of a case-control study. To assess the strength of the association under various genetic models, odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effects model according to the heterogeneity. Overall and stratified subgroup analyses, including ethnicity, source of controls, sample for DNA extraction, and hypospadias classification, were performed. All data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS This analysis included six eligible case-control studies with 1130 cases and 1279 controls. Overall, there was a statistically significant association between hypospadias risk and V89L polymorphism for allele contrast (C vs G: OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.13-3.23), P = 0.02), codominant model (CC vs GG: OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.25-7.04, P = 0.01; GC vs GG: OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.35-4.13, P = 0.003), dominant model (GC + CC vs GG: OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.28-4.72, P = 0.007), and recessive model (CC vs GC + GG: OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.00-3.66, P = 0.05). Moreover, there was also a statistically significant association in some subgroups. The positive results are shown in the Summary Table. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggested that the V89L polymorphism definitely increases the risk of hypospadias, and the C allele is a genetic risk factor for hypospadias occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Heath, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Heath, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Mao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Heath, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - M Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Heath, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kilinc MF, Cakmak S, Demir DO, Doluoglu OG, Yildiz Y, Horasanli K, Dalkilic A. Does maternal exposure during pregnancy to higher ambient temperature increase the risk of hypospadias? J Pediatr Urol 2016; 12:407.e1-407.e6. [PMID: 27567375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between ambient temperature that the mother is exposed to during pregnancy and hypospadias has not been investigated by the studies, although the recent studies showed the correlation between some congenital malformations (congenital heart disease, neural tube defect, etc.) and ambient temperature. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the relation between hypospadias and the ambient temperatures that the mother is exposed to during her pregnancy. METHODS The data of patients with hypospadias that had their gestational periods in Ankara and Istanbul regions, and had other urological treatments (circumcision, urinary tract infection, pyeloplasty, nephrolithotomy, etc.) between January 2000 and November 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The ambient temperature at 8-14 weeks of gestation was investigated for each patient by reviewing the data of the General Directorate of Meteorology, since this period was risky for development of hypospadias. The data including ambient temperature that the pregnant mother was exposed to, maternal age, parity, economical status, gestational age at birth, and birth weight were compared between two groups. The retrospective nature of the study may be a potential source for selection bias. RESULTS The data of 1,709 children that had hypospadias repair and 4,946 children that had other urological treatments between 2000 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. There were no differences between the groups for maternal age, parity, economical status, gestational age at birth, and birth weight (Table). Analysis of exposed maximum and average ambient temperatures at 8-14 weeks of gestation revealed that July and August, hot periods in summer time, were more prevalent in the hypospadias group (p = 0.01). The average and maximum monthly ambient temperatures during summer increased the risk for hypospadias (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.52; and OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.99-1.54, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we evaluated the relation between hypospadias and the ambient temperatures that the mother is exposed during her pregnancy. The results of this study indicated that the high ambient temperatures the mother and fetus are exposed to at 8-14 weeks of gestation increased the risk of hypospadias in the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sedat Cakmak
- Department of Urology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Yildiray Yildiz
- Department of Urology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaya Horasanli
- Department of Urology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Dalkilic
- Department of Urology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Investigation of sexual dimorphisms through mouse models and hormone/hormone-disruptor treatments. Differentiation 2016; 91:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
6
|
Xu LF, Liang CZ, Lipianskaya J, Chen XG, Fan S, Zhang L, Zhou J, Tai S, Jiang CQ. Risk factors for hypospadias in China. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:778-81. [PMID: 24875823 PMCID: PMC4215668 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.131704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-controlled study was designed to evaluate the association between various baseline parental factors and the risk of hypospadias in China. Patients were selected from tertiary referral hospitals in Anhui, a province in mid-eastern China. A questionnaire was given to the parents of each patient. The final database included 193 cases and 835 controls. The incidence of additional coexistent anomalies was 13.0%, primarily cryptorchidism (9.8%). Ten patients (5.1%) were from families with genital anomaly, including five families (2.6%) with hypospadias. The risks of hypospadias was higher for children of mothers > 35 (odds ratio [OR] =1.47) and < 18 (OR = 2.95) years of age, and in mothers who had consumed alcohol (OR = 2.67), used drugs (OR = 1.53) and had an infection (OR = 1.87) during pregnancy. The risk of hypospadias was also higher when mothers (OR = 1.68) and fathers (OR = 1.74) were engaged in agriculture. Other factors assessed were not associated with the risk of hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao-Zhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Avilés LA, Alvelo-Maldonado L, Padró-Mojica I, Seguinot J, Jorge JC. Risk factors, prevalence trend, and clustering of hypospadias cases in Puerto Rico. J Pediatr Urol 2014; 10:1076-82. [PMID: 24857284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the distribution pattern of hypospadias cases across a well-defined geographic space. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dataset for this study was produced by the Birth Defects Prevention and Surveillance System of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico (BDSS-PR), which linked the information of male newborns of the Puerto Rico Birth Cohort dataset (PRBC; n=92,285) from 2007 to 2010. A population-based case-control study was conducted to determine prevalence trend and to estimate the potential effects of maternal age, paternal age, birth-related variables, and health insurance status on hypospadias. Two types of geographic information systems (GIS) methods (Anselin Local Moran's I and Getis-Ord G) were used to determine the spatial distribution of hypospadias prevalence. RESULTS Birthweight (<2500 g), age of mother (40+years), and private health insurance were associated with hypospadias as confirmed with univariate and multivariate analyses at 95% CI. A cluster of hypospadias cases was detected in the north-central region of Puerto Rico with both GIS methods (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS The clustering of hypospadias prevalence provides an opportunity to assess the underlying causes of the condition and their relationships with geographical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Avilés
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Irmari Padró-Mojica
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | - José Seguinot
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan Carlos Jorge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan 00936 5067, Puerto Rico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Commentary to 'association between maternal prenatal vitamin use and congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary tract in a developing country'. J Pediatr Urol 2012; 8:127-8. [PMID: 22182358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Jørgensen N, Meyts ERD, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome comprises some but not all cases of hypospadias and impaired spermatogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 33:298-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Brouwers MM, van der Zanden LF, de Gier RP, Barten EJ, Zielhuis GA, Feitz WF, Roeleveld N. Hypospadias: risk factor patterns and different phenotypes. BJU Int 2010; 105:254-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Hurme T, Lahdes-Vasama T, Mäkelä E, Iber T, Toppari J. Clinical findings in prepubertal girls with inguinal hernia with special reference to the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 43:42-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00365590802299247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hurme
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija Lahdes-Vasama
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Research Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Eija Mäkelä
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Research Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tarja Iber
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Research Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Madhok
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|