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Godlewski K, Tekgul S, Gong E, Vanderbrink B, Srinivasan A. Clinical considerations in adults with history of posterior urethral valves. J Pediatr Urol 2024; 20:176-182. [PMID: 37806832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of patients with posterior urethral valves (PUV) is commonplace for many pediatric urologists, however adult providers may be far less familiar with this diagnosis, its management and long-term ramifications. As urologic management of these patients has evolved, clinical outcomes have substantially improved with many more patients now surviving into adulthood. These patients remain at increased risk of morbidity due to their condition and therefore are likely to benefit from long term follow-up with adult providers. OBJECTIVE In this review we analyze the psychosocial impacts of PUV on adults, evaluate long term transplant outcomes in PUV patients and discuss effective clinical management strategies of bladder dysfunction in adult PUV patients. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective literature review was performed using the MEDLINE (Pubmed) electronic database using key words such as "posterior urethral valve", "quality of life", "sexual function", "transplant outcomes", "bladder dysfunction", "mitrofanoff" etc. to identify relevant studies. RESULTS Generally, the quality of life of PUV patients is good, those suffering from renal insufficiency or lower urinary tract symptoms, specifically incontinence, appear to be a group that may benefit from more intensive follow-up. Good long-term kidney transplant (KT) function and survival can be achieved in patients with PUV. Rigorous management to optimize bladder function and close follow-up, are key for long term graft survival after KT. DISCUSSION The chronicity of PUV warrants adult providers to be not only well versed in the pathophysiology of the disease, but well prepared to care for these patients as they transition into adulthood. CONCLUSION Additional studies addressing psychosocial, clinical and transplant outcomes of adults with PUV are necessary to develop optimal long-term follow-up regimens for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Godlewski
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd HUB 9th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Serdar Tekgul
- Hacettepe University, Ankara, Cankaya, Gaziosmanpasa, Sihhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Edward Gong
- Lurie Children's Hospital, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Brian Vanderbrink
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Arun Srinivasan
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd HUB 9th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Abdelhalim A, Hashem A, Abouelenein EE, Atwa AM, Soltan M, Hafez AT, Dawaba MS, Helmy TE. Can Concomitant Bladder Neck Incision and Primary Valve Ablation Reduce Early Re-admission Rate and Secondary Intervention? Int Braz J Urol 2022; 48:485-492. [PMID: 35168311 PMCID: PMC9060171 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effect of bladder neck morphology and its incision (BNI) in patients with posterior urethral valve (PUV) on early reintervention rate. Patients and methods: Infants undergoing PUV ablation (PVA) before 24 months of age and had at least 18 months of follow-up, were categorized into three groups according to the bladder neck appearance on baseline radiological and endoscopic examination: group 1; normal bladder neck underwent PVA, group 2; high bladder neck underwent PVA plus BNI, group 3; high bladder neck underwent PVA only. Early reintervention was defined as the need for check cystoscopy because of persistent renal function deterioration, worsening hydronephrosis and/or unsatisfactory VCUG improvement during the 1st six months post primary PVA. Results: Between 2000 and 2017, a total of 114 patients underwent PVA and met the study criteria with a median follow-up of 58 (18-230) months. For group 1, 16 (22.9%) patients needed readmission. Check cystoscopy was free and no further intervention was performed in 5(7.5%) and re-ablation was performed in 11(15.7%) patients. For group 2, 3(14.3%) patients needed reintervention. Re-ablation and re-ablation plus BNI were performed in 1(4.8%) and 2(9.5%), respectively. For group 3, cystoscopy was free in 1(4.3%), re-ablation and re-ablation plus BNI were performed 2(8.7%) and 1(4.3%), respectively. There were no significant differences in the re-admission and re-intervention rates among the three study groups (p=0.65 and p=0.50, respectively). Conclusion: In morphologically high bladder neck associated PUV, concomitant BNI with PVA doesn’t reduce early re-intervention rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhalim
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelwahab Hashem
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Urology, National Nephrology and Urology Institute, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Urology, International Medical Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebrahim E Abouelenein
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Soltan
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ashraf T Hafez
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Dawaba
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tamer E Helmy
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Pellegrino C, Capitanucci ML, Forlini V, Zaccara A, Lena F, Sollini ML, Castelli E, Mosiello G. Posterior urethral valves: Role of prenatal diagnosis and long-term management of bladder function; a single center point of view and review of literature. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1057092. [PMID: 36683802 PMCID: PMC9853300 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1057092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) are the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction. More severe forms are detected early in pregnancy (mainly type I), while other forms are usually discovered later in childhood when investigating lower urinary tract symptoms. Bladder dysfunction is common and is associated with urinary incontinence in about 55% (0%-72%). Despite the removal of the obstruction by urethral valve ablation, pathological changes of the urinary tract can occur with progressive bladder dysfunction, which can cause deterioration of the upper urinary tract as well. For this reason, all children with PUV require long-term follow-up, always until puberty, and in many cases life-long. Therefore, management of PUV is not only limited to obstruction relief, but prevention and treatment of bladder dysfunction, based on urodynamic observations, is paramount. During time, urodynamic patterns may change from detrusor overactivity to decreased compliance/small capacity bladder, to myogenic failure (valve bladder). In the past, an aggressive surgical approach was performed in all patients, and valve resection was considered an emergency procedure. With the development of fetal surgery, vesico-amniotic shunting has been performed as well. Due to improvements of prenatal ultrasound, the presence of PUV is usually already suspected during pregnancy, and subsequent treatment should be performed in high-volume centers, with a multidisciplinary, more conservative approach. This is considered to be more effective and safer. Primary valve ablation is performed after clinical stability and is no longer considered an emergency procedure after birth. During childhood, a multidisciplinary approach (pediatric urologist, nephrologist, urotherapist) is recommended as well in all patients, to improve toilet training, using an advanced urotherapy program with medical treatments and urodynamic evaluations. The aim of this paper is to present our single center experience over 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pellegrino
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Capitanucci
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Forlini
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Surgery Division, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Zaccara
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Lena
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Surgery Division, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Sollini
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Division of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Castelli
- Division of Neuro-Rehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mosiello
- ERN EUROGEN Affiliated Center, Division of Neuro-Urology and Surgery for Continence, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Abdelhalim A, Hafez AT. Antenatal and postnatal management of posterior urethral valves: where do we stand? AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-021-00238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Posterior urethral valve (PUV) is the leading etiology of lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) in boys and is an important cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children. The aim of this article is to review the current status on antenatal intervention for PUV as well as postnatal medical and surgical management.
Main body
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Pubmed and Google Scholar search was conducted throughout December 2020 using the keywords: posterior urethral valves, congenital urinary obstruction, antenatal, valve bladder syndrome, medical, anticholinergics, alpha blocker, antibiotics, biofeedback, diversion, augmentation cystoplasty and renal transplantation. Only papers written in English were included. The relevant literature was summarized. Despite advances in antenatal intervention for fetal LUTO, it remains associated with considerable fetal and maternal morbidity. Patient selection criteria for antenatal intervention are greatly debated. Fetal intervention has resulted in improved perinatal survival in properly selected cases, with a questionable benefit to postnatal renal function. There is decent evidence supporting the use of anticholinergics in infants and young children following valve ablation, with less robust evidence advocating alpha blockers, overnight catheter drainage and biofeedback. The role of urinary diversion remains contentious. Optimizing bladder dynamics is crucial for successful renal transplantation outcomes.
Conclusion
While antenatal intervention has failed to improve renal function outcomes of PUV, patient-centered medical and sometimes surgical interventions can help delay the progression of chronic kidney disease. Lifelong monitoring and management of the associated bladder dysfunction is indispensable even after successful renal transplantation.
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Valve Bladder Syndrome Associated with Posterior Urethral Valves: Natural History, Work-up, and Management. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-020-00577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kroll P. The Current Role of Botox in a Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder Condition. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-019-00516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Deshpande AV. Current strategies to predict and manage sequelae of posterior urethral valves in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:1651-1661. [PMID: 29159472 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Posterior urethral valves (PUV) constitute a significant urological cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. The condition is characterised by the unique pathophysiology of the evolution of bladder dysfunction after relief of obstruction, which contributes to CKD. Improvements in prenatal diagnosis followed by selective foetal intervention have not yet produced improvement in long-term renal outcomes, although better patient selection may alter this in the future. Proactive management with surveillance, pharmacotherapy, timed voiding, double voiding, and/or assisted bladder-emptying, is being increasingly offered to those with severe bladder dysfunction and has the potential of reducing the burden of renal disease. Clinicians are currently able to counsel regarding the prognosis using serum creatinine and other emerging markers. However, much of this work remains to be validated. Satisfactory graft survival rates are now reported with aggressive management of bladder dysfunction in children who are candidates for renal transplantation. Knowledge gaps exist in identifying early markers of renal injury, risk stratification, and in understanding patient and carer perspectives in PUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh V Deshpande
- Department of Paediatric Urology and Surgery, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Locked Bag 1, Hunter Region Mail Centre, Newcastle, NSW, 2310, Australia. .,Priority Research Centre GrowupWell, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
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Long CJ, Bowen DK. Predicting and Modifying Risk for Development of Renal Failure in Boys with Posterior Urethral Valves. Curr Urol Rep 2018; 19:55. [PMID: 29774481 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-018-0801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to bring the reader up to date on the current risk factors for the development of renal deterioration in the boys with posterior urethral valves (PUV) and approaches to modify this risk. RECENT FINDINGS Renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS) is routinely performed in boys with PUV and recent advancements allow imaging processing that can more accurately quantify renal parenchyma and correlate this with risk for renal loss. Refinement of urine studies may improve our ability to stratify patients into renal loss categories. Use of videourodynamics (VUDS) allows refined assessment of the valve bladder to identify those who might benefit from secondary procedures and/or the addition of targeted pharmacotherapy to improve bladder emptying or dangerous storage pressures. All boys with a history of PUV are at a significant long-term risk of renal deterioration. The literature suggests that several technical advances have improved our ability to predict this risk, although there needs to be further refinement and validation before widespread use. Utilization of close follow-up, VUDS, pharmacotherapy, and bladder drainage provide the best methods to improve care to this group of patients and if more studies confirm their utility, adoption of these as part of standard of care protocols may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Long
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3rd Floor Wood Center, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Diana K Bowen
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3rd Floor Wood Center, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Keays MA, Mcalpine K, Welk B. All grown up: A transitional care perspective on the patient with posterior urethral valves. Can Urol Assoc J 2018; 12:S10-S14. [PMID: 29681268 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melise A Keays
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON
| | - Kristen Mcalpine
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON
| | - Blayne Welk
- Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; Canada
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Chrzan R. Refractory Urinary Incontinence in Girls: The Role of the Bladder Neck. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:74. [PMID: 28443271 PMCID: PMC5385460 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in children is between 6 and 9% with urinary incontinence (UI) being one of the most common symptom. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS LUTS Anatomical anomalies of the urinary tract as well as neurogenic underlying pathology can results in LUTS. Comorbidities and long-term consequences of the LUTD for the female patients as well as genetic issues are also briefly discussed. THE ROLE OF THE BLADDER NECK Thanks to urodynamics, we have learnt a lot about the lower urinary tract function, but the role of the bladder neck in the pathophysiology of LUTS in children is not clear. Secondary bladder neck hypertrophy is a well-described pathology, but there is no standardized treatment for this phenomenon. Primary bladder neck dysfunction has already been defined by the International Children's Continence Society. REFRACTORY UI IN GIRLS Uniform diagnostic protocols are used in these girls with UI. Treatment consists of standard urotherapy, additional interventions, and pharmacotherapy in selected cases. Those with refractory UI require careful reassessment to look for the unrecognized disorders. Invasive urodynamics should be done in those patients. Ultrasound of the bladder neck region and the pelvic floor can be helpful, but its interpretation is very subjective. In a small group bladder neck insufficiency can be found and those might benefit from a surgical intervention. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE Strict criteria of the bladder neck insufficiency in children must be defined. Early surgical intervention in girls with bladder neck insufficiency might reduce the long period of intensive conservative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Chrzan
- Pediatric Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Keihani S, Glassberg KI, Kajbafzadeh AM. Commentary to "Effect of Botox injection at the bladder neck in boys with bladder dysfunction after valve ablation". J Pediatr Urol 2015; 11:104-5. [PMID: 25863678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorena Keihani
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kenneth I Glassberg
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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