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Sekerci CA, Yucel S, Tarcan T. Urinary biomarkers in children with neurogenic and non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn 2024; 43:1003-1018. [PMID: 38238982 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this systematic review is to assess urinary biomarkers studied in children with neurogenic and non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). MATERIALS AND METHODS The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The screening was performed on PUBMED without any publication date limitation. Only original articles were included. Parameters related to the following topics were obtained: study design, characteristics of participants, number of participants, age, control group, types of biomarkers, measurement technique in urine, subgroup analysis, urodynamic findings, and outcome. Dutch Cochrane Checklist (DCC) and level of evidence by EBRO platform were used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 4 program. RESULTS A total of 494 studies were screened and 16 studies were included. 11 (68.75%) were conducted in children with non-neurogenic LUTD and 5 (31.25%) neurogenic LUTD. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was evaluated in 12 studies, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in 5, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in 2, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF Beta-1) in 2, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in 1, and Aquaporin-2 in 1. According to DCC, 10 (62.5%) articles were evaluated on 4 (37.5%) items and 4 articles on 5 items. The average score was 3.91+/-0.56. The level of evidence was found as B for 13 (81.25%) articles and C for 3 (18.75%). In meta-analysis, urinary NGF levels in children with non-neurogenic LUTS were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (Hedges's g = 1.867, standard error = 0.344, variance = 0.119, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Urinary biomarkers are promising for the future with their noninvasive features. However, prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better understand the potential of urinary biomarkers to reflect urodynamic and clinical findings in children with LUTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Akin Sekerci
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Yucel
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tufan Tarcan
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bushnell JY, Cates LN, Hyde JE, Hofstetter CP, Yang CC, Khaing ZZ. Early Detrusor Application of Botulinum Toxin A Results in Reduced Bladder Hypertrophy and Fibrosis after Spinal Cord Injury in a Rodent Model. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110777. [PMID: 36356027 PMCID: PMC9697114 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), pathological reflexes develop that result in altered bladder function and sphincter dis-coordination, with accompanying changes in the detrusor. Bladder chemodenervation is known to ablate the pathological reflexes, but the resultant effects on the bladder tissue are poorly defined. In a rodent model of contusion SCI, we examined the effect of early bladder chemodenervation with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) on bladder histopathology and collagen deposition. Adult female Long Evans rats were given a severe contusion SCI at spinal level T9. The SCI rats immediately underwent open laparotomy and received detrusor injections of either BoNT-A (10 U/animal) or saline. At eight weeks post injury, the bladders were collected, weighed, and examined histologically. BoNT-A injected bladders of SCI rats (SCI + BoNT-A) weighed significantly less than saline injected bladders of SCI rats (SCI + saline) (241 ± 25 mg vs. 183 ± 42 mg; p < 0.05). Histological analyses showed that SCI resulted in significantly thicker bladder walls due to detrusor hypertrophy and fibrosis compared to bladders from uninjured animals (339 ± 89.0 μm vs. 193 ± 47.9 μm; p < 0.0001). SCI + BoNT-A animals had significantly thinner bladder walls compared to SCI + saline animals (202 ± 55.4 μm vs. 339 ± 89.0 μm; p < 0.0001). SCI + BoNT-A animals had collagen organization in the bladder walls similar to that of uninjured animals. Detrusor chemodenervation soon after SCI appears to preserve bladder tissue integrity by reducing the development of detrusor fibrosis and hypertrophy associated with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Y. Bushnell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Cates
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Hyde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Claire C. Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-206-543-7103
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Wagner B, Steiner M, Huber DFX, Crevenna R. The effect of biofeedback interventions on pain, overall symptoms, quality of life and physiological parameters in patients with pelvic pain : A systematic review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2022; 134:11-48. [PMID: 33751183 PMCID: PMC8825385 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofeedback is recognized as an effective additive method for treating certain phenotypes of chronic pelvic pain syndrome and is a therapeutic option in other pelvic pain conditions. This review aims to evaluate evidence from the literature with a focus on the effect of biofeedback on pain reduction, overall symptom relief, physiological parameters and quality of life. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and PEDro from inception to July 2020. Data were tabulated and a narrative synthesis was carried out, since data heterogeneity did not allow a meta-analysis. The PEDro scale and the McMaster Critical Review Form-Quantitative Studies were applied to assess risk of bias. RESULTS Out of 651 studies, 37 quantitative studies of primary research evaluating pelvic pain conditions in male and female adults and children were included. They covered biofeedback interventions on anorectal disorders, chronic prostatitis, female chronic pelvic pain conditions, urologic phenotypes in children and adults and a single study on low back pain. For anorectal disorders, several landmark studies demonstrate the efficacy of biofeedback. For other subtypes of chronic pelvic pain conditions there is tentative evidence that biofeedback-assisted training has a positive effect on pain reduction, overall symptoms relief and quality of life. Certain factors have been identified that might be relevant in improving treatment success. CONCLUSIONS For certain indications, biofeedback has been confirmed to be an effective treatment. For other phenotypes, promising findings should be further investigated in robust and well-designed randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Steiner
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominikus Franz Xaver Huber
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Crevenna
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Expression of NGF, MCP-1, uroplakin III, and NOS in bladder urothelium after partial urethral obstruction in rats. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:806.e1-806.e14. [PMID: 32994092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been suggested to play a role in the development of bladder fibrosis and functional changes, the mechanisms that are effective in the pathogenesis of partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO)-induced bladder fibrosis are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uroplakin III (URPIII), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that may be involved in fibrosis in rats with partial urethral obstruction for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and the changes in the associated ischemic and inflammatory processes. After 1, 2, and 3 weeks of pBOO, blood samples were collected for assessment of renal function from the rats under anesthesia. The bladders were dissected for the tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). The immunohistochemical studies were performed. Histopathologically, the number of urothelial layers was calculated and the thickness of the detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria were quantitatively measured. Additionally, the edema and congestion in the submucosa were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Three separate experimental groups of pBOO (1 week [n = 7], 2 weeks [n = 7], and 3 weeks [n = 7]) were created, with an additional sham-operated control group (n = 7). RESULTS The MDA levels increased in pBOO groups. The SOD values were decreased in the pBOO group for 1 week, and higher in the 3-week pBOO group. The TAS levels were increased in the 3 week pBOO group. The TOS levels increased in the pBOO groups. The number of urothelial layers was decreased in pBOO groups. The lamina propria, the smooth muscle thickness, edema and congestion were increase in the 1 and 2 week pBOO groups. The NGF and MCP-1 expression was increased in the 1-week and 2-week pBOO groups. The expression of URPIII in the epithelium gradually increased in the pBOO groups. In the pBOO groups, iNOS expression in the epithelium cells was significantly elevated. However, the eNOS expression was also significantly increased in the 2 week pBOO group. CONCLUSION Our study shows that overexpression of immunohistochemical parameters together with the negative effects of ischemic and inflammatory processes that subjected to pBOO for 1, 2 and 3 weeks may play a potential role in detrusor fibrosis in the rat bladders induced by pBOO. However, understanding of the immunohistochemical parameters investigated in this experimental study is limited, and further studies targeting their relationship to pBOO could help us develop new strategies.
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Jafarov R, Ceyhan E, Kahraman O, Ceylan T, Dikmen ZG, Tekgul S, Dogan HS. Efficacy of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in children with functional voiding disorders. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 40:404-411. [PMID: 33205852 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the efficacy of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (TPTNS) on functional voiding disorder (FVD) and investigate the utility of urine biomarkers (UBs: nerve growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2) in diagnosis and follow-up. METHODS A total of 44 children were included to this randomized controlled trial prospectively. After randomization, 20 of 30 children with storage phase dysfunction those were unresponsive or noncompliant to medical treatment received TPTNS treatment (test group) and 10 children underwent TPTNS with no current (sham group) for 12 weeks. Fourteen healthy children constituted the nonsymptomatic group. UB levels, dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system (DVISS), voiding diary, and quality of life (QoL) scores were assessed before and after treatment in the treatment groups. RESULTS QoL scores, overall and day-time DVISS scores were significantly decreased in both sham and test groups (p < 0.05). In addition to these findings, the frequency of incontinence and urgency episodes were also significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the TPTNS treatment group. This effect in the test group was still valid 2 years after intervention. There was no significant difference in UBs measurements between treatment and nonsymptomatic groups and between pretreatment and posttreatment measurements of test and sham groups. CONCLUSIONS TPTNS is an efficient minimally invasive treatment in children with FVD who do not respond to medical treatment. TPTNS provides a significant improvement on episodes of frequency, episodes of incontinence, overall and day-time DVISS scores, and QoL scores. The effectiveness of treatment continues even at the end of the second year of intervention. UBs were not found to be predictive in terms of diagnosis and evaluating the treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Jafarov
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erman Ceyhan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Kahraman
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Ceylan
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeliha G Dikmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Tekgul
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan S Dogan
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Deng C, Peng Q, Hu X, Gao L, Xu J, Su J, Xia X, Liu F, Li M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Urinary nerve growth factor: a biomarker for overactive bladder in children? A meta-analysis and trail sequential analysis. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:1033. [PMID: 30783750 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Deng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maoxian Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
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Deng C, Zhang W, Peng Q, Hu X, Li M, Gao L, Xu J, Su J, Xia X. Urinary nerve growth factor: a biomarker for detrusor overactivity in children? A meta-analysis and trail sequential analysis. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:1027-1032. [PMID: 30729304 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on, previously, a systematic review, urinary nerve growth factor (NGF) has emerged as one potentially noninvasive biomarker for detrusor overactivity (DO) in adults. We performed this systematic review to explore if NGF is a biomarker for DO in children. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and Cochrane Library. Copies of all relevant articles were retrieved for quality assessment and data abstraction by two reviewers. Primary outcome was pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for NGF/Cr (NGF normalized to urine creatinine) level between DO group and controls. RESULTS Three case-control studies published from 2012 to 2016 were included with 74 patients and 70 controls. Children with DO had a significant higher baseline urinary NGF/Cr level compared to controls (SMD = 2.48, 95%CI = 0.85-4.10, P < 0.01). After treatment, the level of NGF/Cr decreased significantly compared to baseline level at 6th month time points (SMD = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.03-1.86, P = 0.04). We calculated the required information size to 99 patients for comparison of urinary NGF/Cr level between DO and controls by trail sequential analysis (TSA). CONCLUSION Based on this systematic review, NGF/Cr may be a noninvasive biomarker for DO in children in the future. However, based on TSA, more original studies are needed to clarify the role of NGF/Cr in the biomarker effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Deng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoxian Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1617, Riyue Avenue, Qinyang District, Chengdu, China
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Panicker JN, Anding R, Arlandis S, Blok B, Dorrepaal C, Harding C, Marcelissen T, Rademakers K, Abrams P, Apostolidis A. Do we understand voiding dysfunction in women? Current understanding and future perspectives: ICI-RS 2017. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:S75-S85. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.23709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalesh N. Panicker
- Department of Uro-Neurology; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and UCL Institute of Neurology; Queen Square London United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Anding
- Neurourology; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Salvador Arlandis
- Department of Urology; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe; Valencia Spain
| | - Bertil Blok
- Department of Urology; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris Harding
- Department of Urology; Freeman Hospital; Newcastle Upon-Tyne United Kingdom
| | - Tom Marcelissen
- Department of Urology; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Rademakers
- Department of Urology; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Paul Abrams
- Department of Urology; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
- Department of Teaching and Research, Bristol Urological Institute; International Consultation on Urological Diseases; Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Apostolidis
- 2nd Department of Urology; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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Kim SK, GyuKo I, Park HJ, Chung JH, Cho KB, Kwon OY, Park KH, Ahn YS, Park CG, Kim YO. Effects of Panax ginseng on the nerve growth factor expression in testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:66-70. [PMID: 29379359 PMCID: PMC5775092 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostatic hyperplasia in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) leads to obstructive micturition symptoms. Previous studies showed that pontine micturition center (PMC), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), and medial preopticnucleus (MPA) regions in the brain have been known to regulate the urinary bladder function. The present study shows the influences of Panax ginseng on nerve growth factor (NGF) expressions in PMC, vlPAG, and MPA regions in the brain. Wistar rats were used for the present study. The rats split into four groups; 4 groups (n = 6) in control group, BPH-induced group, BPH-induced and P. ginseng-treated group, and BPH-induced and finasteride-treated group. BPH in rats was induced by testosterone and the animals were evaluated for NGF expression in PMC, vlPAG, and MPA regions in the brain. The NGF expression was identified using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The NGF expression by IHC showed spots with dark brown color. In our results, NGF expressions in PMC, vlPAG, and MPA regions in the brainstem of the BPH-induced group showed increase than the control animal. These increased NGF expressions in three regions were decreased using treatment with P. ginseng (200 mg/kg). These results suggest that P. ginseng has therapeutic effects on the symptoms of BPH and is associated with the regulation of NGF expression in the brain. In conclusion, the administration of P. ginseng helps nerve growth factor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kang Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Il GyuKo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jeong Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Chung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Bong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi 11644, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Young Kwon
- Department of Medical Education and Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hun Park
- Herbal Crop Utilization Research Team, Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sub Ahn
- Herbal Crop Utilization Research Team, Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Geon Park
- Herbal Crop Utilization Research Team, Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Herbal Crop Utilization Research Team, Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, Republic of Korea
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