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Guay P, Walsh M, Tourigny-Plante A, Genest J. Linear dual-comb interferometry at high power levels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4393-4404. [PMID: 36785409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detector non-linearity is an important factor limiting the maximal power and hence the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in dual-comb interferometry. To increase the SNR without overwhelming averaging time, photodetector non-linearity must be properly handled for high input power. Detectors exhibiting nonlinear behavior can produce linear dual-comb interferograms if the area of the detector's impulse response does not saturate and if the overlap between successive time-varying impulse responses is properly managed. Here, a high bandwidth non-amplified balanced photodetector is characterized in terms of its impulse response to high intensity short pulses to exemplify the conditions. With a 23.5 mW average power on each detector in a balanced pair, nonlinear spectral artifacts are at least 40 dB below the spectral baseline. Absorption lines of carbon dioxide are measured to reveal lines discrepancies smaller than 0.1% with HITRAN. A spectral shape independent formulation for the dual-comb figure of merit is proposed, reaching here 7.2 × 107 Hz1/2 limited by laser relative intensity noise, but corresponding to an ideal, shot-noise limited, figure of merit for an equivalent 0.85 mW average power per comb.
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Huang X, Schwenke DW, Freedman RS, Lee TJ. Ames-2021 CO 2 Dipole Moment Surface and IR Line Lists: Toward 0.1% Uncertainty for CO 2 IR Intensities. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5940-5964. [PMID: 36007245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly accurate CO2 ab initio dipole moment surface (DMS), Ames-2021, is reported along with 12C16O2 infrared (IR) intensity comparisons approaching a 1-4‰ level of agreement and uncertainty. The Ames-2021 DMS was accurately fitted from CCSD(T) finite-field dipoles computed with the aug-cc-pVXZ (X = T, Q, 5) basis for C atom and the d-aug-cc-pVXZ (X = T, Q, 5) basis for O atoms, and extrapolated to the one particle basis set limit. Fitting σrms is 3.8 × 10-7 au for 4443 geometries below 15 000 cm-1. The corresponding IR intensity, SAmes-2021, are computed using the Ames-2 potential energy surface (PES), which is the best PES available for CO2. Compared to high accuracy IR studies for 2001i-00001 and 3001i-00001 bands, SAmes-2021 matches NIST experiment-based intensities [SNIST-HIT16 or SHIT20] to -1.0 ± 1.3‰, or matches DLR experiment-based intensities [SDLR-HIT16/UCL/Ames] to 1.9 ± 3.7‰. This indicates the systematic deviations and uncertainties have been significantly reduced in SAmes-2021. The SUCL2015 (or SHITRAN2016) have larger deviations (vs SDLR) and uncertainties (vs SDLR, SNIST) which are attributed to the less accurate Ames-1 PES adopted in UCL-296 line list calculation. The SAmes-2021 intensity of 12C16O2 and 13C16O2 is utilized to derive new absolute 13C/12C ratios for Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) with uncertainty reduced by 1/3 or 2/3. Further evaluation of SAmes-2021 intensities are carried out on those CO2 bands discussed in the HITRAN2020 update paper. Consistent improvements and better accuracies are found in band-by-band analysis, except for those bands strongly affected by Coriolis couplings, or very weak bands measured with relatively larger experimental uncertainties. The Ames-2021 296 K IR line lists are generated for 13 CO2 isotopologues, with 18 000 cm-1 and S296 K > 1 × 10-31 cm/molecule cutoff and then combined with CDSD line positions (except 14C16O2). The Ames-2021 DMS and 296 K IR line lists represent a major improvement over previous CO2 theoretical IR intensity studies, including Ames-2016, UCL-296, and recent UCL DMS 2021 update. A real 1 permille level of agreement and uncertainty will definitely require both more accurate PES and more accurate DMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchuan Huang
- MS 245-6, Astrophysics Branch, Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States.,SETI Institute, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - David W Schwenke
- MS 258-2, NAS Facility, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Richard S Freedman
- SETI Institute, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, California 94043, United States.,MS 245-3, Planetary Systems Branch, Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Timothy J Lee
- MS 245-3, Planetary Systems Branch, Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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Dubroeucq R, Rutkowski L. Optical frequency comb Fourier transform cavity ring-down spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:13594-13602. [PMID: 35472969 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate broadband and sensitive cavity ring-down spectroscopy using a near infrared frequency comb and a time-resolved Fourier transform spectrometer. The cavity decays are measured simultaneously at each optical path difference and spectrally sorted, leading to purely exponential decays for each spectral element. The absorption spectra of atmospheric water and carbon dioxide are retrieved and demonstrate the high frequency resolution and absorption precision of the technique. The experimental apparatus, the measurement concept and the data treatment are described. The technique benefits from the advantages of cavity ring-down spectroscopy, i.e. the retrieved absorption does not depend on the cavity parameters, opening up for high accuracy absorption spectroscopy entirely calibration-free.
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Adkins EM, Hodges JT. Assessment of the precision, bias and numerical correlation of fitted parameters obtained by multi-spectrum fits of the Hartmann-Tran line profile to simulated absorption spectra. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2022; 280:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2022.108100. [PMID: 37461431 PMCID: PMC10350967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2022.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the Voigt profile has long been used to analyze absorption spectra, the quest for increased precision, accuracy and generality drives the application of advanced models of atomic and molecular line shapes. To this end, the Hartmann-Tran profile is now recommended as a standard for high-resolution spectroscopy because it parameterizes relevant higher-order physical effects, is computationally efficient, and reduces to other widely used profiles as limiting cases. This work explores the uncertainty with which line shape parameters can be obtained from constrained multi-spectrum fits of spectra simulated with this standard profile, varying uncertainty levels in the spectrum detuning and absorption axes, and spanning a range of sampling density, pressure, and line shape parameter values. The analysis focuses on how noise-limited measurement precision of frequency detuning and absorption drive statistical uncertainties in fitted parameters and numerical correlations between these quantities. Also, we quantify the degree of equivalence between the full Hartmann-Tran profile and those derived from it in terms of fitted peak areas and line shape parameters. Finally, we introduce a new open-source software package named Multi-spectrum Analysis Tool for Spectroscopy (MATS), which allows users to fit the HTP and its derived profiles to experimental or simulated absorption spectra to explore the limits of the HTP under actual experimental or user-defined conditions.
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Tan Y, Xu YR, Hua TP, Liu AW, Wang J, Sun YR, Hu SM. Cavity-enhanced saturated absorption spectroscopy of the (30012) − (00001) band of 12C16O2. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0074713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tan
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y.-R. Xu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - T.-P. Hua
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - A.-W. Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y. R. Sun
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - S.-M. Hu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Adkins EM, Long DA, Fleisher AJ, Hodges JT. Near-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements of nitrous oxide in the (4200)←(0000) and (5000)←(0000) bands. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2021; 262:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2021.107527. [PMID: 36452911 PMCID: PMC9706648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2021.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using frequency-agile rapid scanning cavity ring-down spectroscopy, we measured line intensities and line shape parameters of 14N2 16O in air in the (4200)←(0000) and (5000)←(0000) bands near 1.6 µm. The absorption spectra were modeled with multi-spectrum fits of Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt profiles. The measured line intensities and air-broadening parameters exhibit deviations of several percent relative to values provided in HITRAN 2016. Our measured intensities for these two bands have relative combined standard uncertainties of ∼1% which is approximately five times smaller than literature values. Comparison of the present air-broadening and speed-dependent broadening parameters to experimental literature values for other rotation-vibration bands of N2O indicates significant differences in magnitude and J-dependence. For applications requiring high spectral fidelity, these results suggest that the assumption of band-independent line shape parameters is not appropriate.
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Fleisher AJ, Yi H, Srivastava A, Polyansky OL, Zobov NF, Hodges JT. Absolute 13C/ 12C Isotope Amount Ratio for Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite from Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:10.1038/s41567-021-01226-y. [PMID: 36873572 PMCID: PMC9982939 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of isotope ratios are predominantly made with reference to standard specimens that have been characterized in the past. In the 1950s, the carbon isotope ratio was referenced to a belemnite sample collected by Heinz Lowenstam and Harold Urey1 in South Carolina's Pee Dee region. Due to the exhaustion of the sample since then, reference materials that are traceable to the original artefact are used to define the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) scale for stable carbon isotope analysis2. However, these reference materials have also become exhausted or proven to exhibit unstable composition over time3, mirroring issues with the international prototype of the kilogram that led to a revised International System of Units4. A campaign to elucidate the stable carbon isotope ratio of VPDB is underway5, but independent measurement techniques are required to support it. Here we report an accurate value for the stable carbon isotope ratio inferred from infrared absorption spectroscopy, fulfilling the promise of this fundamentally accurate approach6. Our results agree with a value recently derived from mass spectrometry5, and therefore advance the prospects of SI-traceable isotope analysis. Further, our calibration-free method could improve mass balance calculations and enhance isotopic tracer studies in CO2 source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Adam J. Fleisher, Hongming Yi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , phone: 301-975-4864, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8320, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Hongming Yi
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Adam J. Fleisher, Hongming Yi
- Present affiliation: The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Abneesh Srivastava
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Oleg L. Polyansky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikolai F. Zobov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Joseph T. Hodges
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Maity A, Maithani S, Pradhan M. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Recent Technological Advancements, Techniques, and Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 93:388-416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Maity
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Sanchi Maithani
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
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