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Anisimova MV, Gon Y, Kontsevaya GV, Romashchenko AV, Khotskin NV, Stanova AK, Gerlinskaya LA, Moshkin MP. Body composition as an indicator of metabolic changes in mice obtained by in vitro fertilization. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:357-365. [PMID: 37465196 PMCID: PMC10350860 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify body systems subject to epigenetic transformation during in vitro fertilization (IVF), comparative morphological and functional studies were performed on sexually mature offspring of outbred CD1 mice, specific-pathogen-free (SPF), obtained by IVF (experiment) and natural conception (control). The studies included assessment of age-related changes in body weight and composition, energy intake and expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. To level the effects caused by the different number of newborns in the control and in the experiment, the size of the fed litters was halved in the control females. Males obtained using the IVF procedure were superior in body weight compared to control males in all age groups. As was shown by analysis of variance with experiment/control factors, gender, age (7, 10 and 20 weeks), the IVF procedure had a statistically significant and unidirectional effect on body composition. At the same time, IVF offspring outperformed control individuals in relative fat content, but were behind in terms of lean mass. The effect of the interaction of factors was not statistically significant. IVF offspring of both sexes had higher fat to lean mass ratios (FLR). Since adipose tissue contributes significantly less to total energy intake compared to muscle, the main component of lean mass, it is not surprising that at the same level of IVF locomotor activity offspring consumed less food than controls. When converted to one gram of body weight, this difference reached 19 %. One of the consequences of reduced utilization of IVF energy substrates by offspring is a decrease in their tolerance to glucose loading. The integral criterion for the effectiveness of restoring the initial glucose level is the area under the curve (AUC), the value of which was 2.5 (males) and 3.2 (females) times higher in IVF offspring compared to the corresponding control. Thus, the totality of our original and literature data shows an increase in the risk of metabolic disorders in IVF offspring, which is confirmed by epidemiological studies of a relatively young cohort of people born using assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Anisimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yanli Gon
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - G V Kontsevaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Romashchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Khotskin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A K Stanova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L A Gerlinskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Tomsk State University, Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Ecology, Tomsk, Russia
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Abstract
Maternal effect genes (MEGs) encode factors (e.g., RNA) that are present in the oocyte and required for early embryonic development. Hence, while these genes and gene products are of maternal origin, their phenotypic consequences result from effects on the embryo. The first mammalian MEGs were identified in the mouse in 2000 and were associated with early embryonic loss in the offspring of homozygous null females. In humans, the first MEG was identified in 2006, in women who had experienced a range of adverse reproductive outcomes, including hydatidiform moles, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. Over 80 mammalian MEGs have subsequently been identified, including several that have been associated with phenotypes in humans. In general, pathogenic variants in MEGs or the absence of MEG products are associated with a spectrum of adverse outcomes, which in humans range from zygotic cleavage failure to offspring with multi-locus imprinting disorders. Although less established, there is also evidence that MEGs are associated with structural birth defects (e.g., craniofacial malformations, congenital heart defects). This review provides an updated summary of mammalian MEGs reported in the literature through early 2021, as well as an overview of the evidence for a link between MEGs and structural birth defects.
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Xia X, Chen L, Wang J, Yu X, Gao L, Zhang Y, Diao F, Cui Y, Liu J, Meng Y. Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Children Conceived via Assisted Reproductive Technology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:827978. [PMID: 35222282 PMCID: PMC8867605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.827978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) differences between assisted reproductive technology (ART)-conceived children and naturally conceived (NC) children. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective cohort study included ART-conceived children and controls aged 1 to 12 years assessed with a follow-up protocol. Maternal and paternal background, birth condition, and growth and development indicators were analyzed. RESULTS The ART and NC groups exhibited differences in maternal and paternal childbearing age; maternal weight; maternal body mass index (BMI); maternal alcohol consumption; paternal smoking; delivery method; and serum zinc, iron, and lead levels. Multifactor analysis adjusted for relevant factors showed that paternal childbearing age and group significantly affected the BMD Z score. In the subgroup analysis, in vitro fertilization (IVF) (p=0.026) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (p=0.008) had a positive impact on the BMD Z score. Male infertility only (p=0.010) or male infertility combined with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (p=0.026) may affect the BMD Z score. In the embryo transfer cycle subgroup analysis, compared with natural conception, both stimulation cycle fresh embryo transfer (p=0.019) and natural cycle frozen embryo transfer (p=0.006) had a positive effect on the BMD Z score. CONCLUSIONS The BMD levels of the ART and control groups were generally in the normal range. Paternal childbearing age and the use of ART independently affected the BMD Z score of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Meng, ; Jiayin Liu,
| | - Yan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Meng, ; Jiayin Liu,
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Cerebral palsy in children born after assisted reproductive technology: a meta-analysis. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:364-374. [PMID: 34283367 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have assessed the association between cerebral palsy (CP) and assisted reproductive technology (ART), but the results remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of CP after ART compared with natural conceptions and to examine CP risk separately in ART singletons, multiples and preterm births. METHODS Web-based databases (PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched until November 22, 2020. Studies which compare CP rates after ART with natural conceptions were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Effect estimates were extracted and combined using the fixed-effects or random-effects model depending on the heterogeneity test. RESULTS There were nine studies included in the meta-analysis. The included studies were of moderate or high quality. A significantly higher risk of CP [odds ratio (OR) = 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-2.74] was found in ART children (n = 89,214) compared with naturally conceived children (n = 4,160,745). The significantly higher risk decreased when data were restricted to singletons (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.59) and disappeared when data were restricted to multiples (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.29) or preterm births (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 0.66-3.56). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses indicated that the overall results were robust. CONCLUSIONS The risk of CP is increased more than two-fold after ART. This increased risk is largely due to increased rates of multiple birth and preterm delivery in ART children.
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Kopca T, Tulay P. Association of Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatments with Imprinting Disorders. Glob Med Genet 2021; 8:1-6. [PMID: 33748817 PMCID: PMC7964251 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a broad field in infertility that encompasses different types of treatments. These revolutionary treatment methods aimed to aid infertile or subfertile couples. Treatment was expanded exponentially, as 1 to 3% of the births worldwide takes place with ART procedures. However, treatment is not flawless. Gametes and embryos are exposed to different chemicals and stress through treatment, which leads to disturbance in proper embryo development and results in prenatal and congenital anomalies. When compared with in-vivo development of gametes and preimplantation embryos in mice, in-vitro conditions during ART treatments have been suggested to disturb the gene expression levels, especially imprinted genes. Therefore, ART has been suggested to be associated with increased incidences of different imprinting disorders such as Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Silver–Russell syndrome, as proved by different case reports and studies. This literature review aims to explain the association of imprinting disorders with this revolutionary treatment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kopca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pinar Tulay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Near East University, DESAM Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Argyraki M, Damdimopoulou P, Chatzimeletiou K, Grimbizis GF, Tarlatzis BC, Syrrou M, Lambropoulos A. In-utero stress and mode of conception: impact on regulation of imprinted genes, fetal development and future health. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:777-801. [PMID: 31633761 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic gene regulatory mechanism; disruption of this process during early embryonic development can have major consequences on both fetal and placental development. The periconceptional period and intrauterine life are crucial for determining long-term susceptibility to diseases. Treatments and procedures in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and adverse in-utero environments may modify the methylation levels of genomic imprinting regions, including insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)/H19, mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST), and paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10), affecting the development of the fetus. ART, maternal psychological stress, and gestational exposures to chemicals are common stressors suspected to alter global epigenetic patterns including imprinted genes. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Our objective is to highlight the effect of conception mode and maternal psychological stress on fetal development. Specifically, we monitor fetal programming, regulation of imprinted genes, fetal growth, and long-term disease risk, using the imprinted genes IGF2/H19, MEST, and PEG10 as examples. The possible role of environmental chemicals in genomic imprinting is also discussed. SEARCH METHODS A PubMed search of articles published mostly from 2005 to 2019 was conducted using search terms IGF2/H19, MEST, PEG10, imprinted genes, DNA methylation, gene expression, and imprinting disorders (IDs). Studies focusing on maternal prenatal stress, psychological well-being, environmental chemicals, ART, and placental/fetal development were evaluated and included in this review. OUTCOMES IGF2/H19, MEST, and PEG10 imprinted genes have a broad developmental effect on fetal growth and birth weight variation. Their disruption is linked to pregnancy complications, metabolic disorders, cognitive impairment, and cancer. Adverse early environment has a major impact on the developing fetus, affecting mostly growth, the structure, and subsequent function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurodevelopment. Extensive evidence suggests that the gestational environment has an impact on epigenetic patterns including imprinting, which can lead to adverse long-term outcomes in the offspring. Environmental stressors such as maternal prenatal psychological stress have been found to associate with altered DNA methylation patterns in placenta and to affect fetal development. Studies conducted during the past decades have suggested that ART pregnancies are at a higher risk for a number of complications such as birth defects and IDs. ART procedures involve multiple steps that are conducted during critical windows for imprinting establishment and maintenance, necessitating long-term evaluation of children conceived through ART. Exposure to environmental chemicals can affect placental imprinting and fetal growth both in humans and in experimental animals. Therefore, their role in imprinting should be better elucidated, considering the ubiquitous exposure to these chemicals. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Dysregulation of imprinted genes is a plausible mechanism linking stressors such as maternal psychological stress, conception using ART, and chemical exposures with fetal growth. It is expected that a greater understanding of the role of imprinted genes and their regulation in fetal development will provide insights for clinical prevention and management of growth and IDs. In a broader context, evidence connecting impaired imprinted gene function to common diseases such as cancer is increasing. This implies early regulation of imprinting may enable control of long-term human health, reducing the burden of disease in the population in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Argyraki
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, K57 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katerina Chatzimeletiou
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit for Human Reproduction, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigoris F Grimbizis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit for Human Reproduction, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basil C Tarlatzis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit for Human Reproduction, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Syrrou
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Dourouti University Campus, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros Lambropoulos
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Olorunfemi O, Osian E, Oahimijie F, Osunde N, Oduyemi R. Acceptability of babies conceived through assisted reproductive technology among married women in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. CHRISMED JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/cjhr.cjhr_110_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Genomic imprinting disorders: lessons on how genome, epigenome and environment interact. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 20:235-248. [PMID: 30647469 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-018-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, the monoallelic and parent-of-origin-dependent expression of a subset of genes, is required for normal development, and its disruption leads to human disease. Imprinting defects can involve isolated or multilocus epigenetic changes that may have no evident genetic cause, or imprinting disruption can be traced back to alterations of cis-acting elements or trans-acting factors that control the establishment, maintenance and erasure of germline epigenetic imprints. Recent insights into the dynamics of the epigenome, including the effect of environmental factors, suggest that the developmental outcomes and heritability of imprinting disorders are influenced by interactions between the genome, the epigenome and the environment in germ cells and early embryos.
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Magnus MC, Karlstad Ø, Parr CL, Page CM, Nafstad P, Magnus P, London SJ, Wilcox AJ, Nystad W, Håberg SE. Maternal history of miscarriages and measures of fertility in relation to childhood asthma. Thorax 2019; 74:106-113. [PMID: 30514789 PMCID: PMC6467238 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear what underlies the greater risk of asthma reported among children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies (ART). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to clarify the role of parental subfertility and unmeasured confounding on the association between ART and childhood asthma, and to examine the possibility for common mechanisms underlying parental subfertility and miscarriages influencing asthma pathogenesis. METHODS We used data from national Norwegian health registries (n=474 402) and the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) (n=75 797). We used log-linear regression to estimate overall associations, and fixed-effects logistic regression to estimate associations within siblings. RESULTS ART offspring had greater asthma risk, the adjusted relative risk (aRR) was 1.20 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.32) in the registry-based cohort, and 1.42 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.76) in MoBa. The sibling analysis yielded similar associations, although the CI included the null value. The elevated asthma risk among ART offspring was attenuated when they were compared with spontaneously conceived offspring with time to conception >12 months, aRR 1.22 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.57). Asthma risk also increased with maternal history of early miscarriages (≤12 weeks), with an aRR of 1.07 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.11) for one, aRR 1.18 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.26) for two and aRR 1.24 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.37) for three or more. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that both parental subfertility and characteristics related to the ART procedure itself might increase offspring asthma risk, although this needs to be confirmed in future studies, and further suggest that common mechanisms underlying parental subfertility and recurrent miscarriages might influence offspring asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christine Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Øystein Karlstad
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Louise Parr
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian M Page
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Nafstad
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Community Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allen J Wilcox
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Eldevik Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Schneider RE, Ng P, Zhang X, Andersen J, Buckley D, Fehlings D, Kirton A, Wood E, van Rensburg E, Shevell MI, Oskoui M. The Association Between Maternal Age and Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors. Pediatr Neurol 2018; 82:25-28. [PMID: 29622489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced maternal age is associated with higher frequencies of antenatal and perinatal conditions, as well as a higher risk of cerebral palsy in offspring. We explore the association between maternal age and specific cerebral palsy risk factors. METHODS Data were extracted from the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry. Maternal age was categorized as ≥35 years of age and less than 20 years of age at the time of birth. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to calculate odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 1391 children with cerebral palsy, with 19% of children having mothers aged 35 or older and 4% of children having mothers below the age of 20. Univariate analyses showed that mothers aged 35 or older were more likely to have gestational diabetes (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.8), to have a history of miscarriage (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.4), to have undergone fertility treatments (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 3.9), and to have delivered by Caesarean section (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.2). These findings were supported by multivariate analyses. Children with mothers below the age of 20 were more likely to have a congenital malformation (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.2), which is also supported by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The risk factor profiles of children with cerebral palsy vary by maternal age. Future studies are warranted to further our understanding of the compound causal pathways leading to cerebral palsy and the observed greater prevalence of cerebral palsy with increasing maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilla E Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Pamela Ng
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xun Zhang
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Andersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Buckley
- Department of Pediatrics, Janeway Health Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Darcy Fehlings
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Esias van Rensburg
- Developmental Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael I Shevell
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryam Oskoui
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Duranthon V, Chavatte-Palmer P. Long term effects of ART: What do animals tell us? Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:348-368. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Choux C, Binquet C, Carmignac V, Bruno C, Chapusot C, Barberet J, Lamotte M, Sagot P, Bourc’his D, Fauque P. The epigenetic control of transposable elements and imprinted genes in newborns is affected by the mode of conception: ART versus spontaneous conception without underlying infertility. Hum Reprod 2017; 33:331-340. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Tournaye H, Krausz C, Oates RD. Concepts in diagnosis and therapy for male reproductive impairment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:554-564. [PMID: 27395770 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An accurate medical history and directed physical examination are essential in diagnosis of male infertility. We review the hormonal assessments and specific genetic analyses that are useful additional tests, and detail other evidence-based examinations that are available to help guide therapeutic strategies. By contrast with female infertility treatments-especially hormonal manipulations to stimulate or enhance oocyte production-spermatogenesis and sperm quality abnormalities are much more difficult to affect positively. In general, a healthy lifestyle can improve sperm quality. A few men have conditions in which evidence-based therapies can increase their chances for natural conception. In this second of two papers in The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Series on male reproductive impairment, we examine the agreements and controversies that surround several of these conditions. When we are not able to cure, correct, or mitigate the cause of conditions such as severe oligozoospermia, non-remedial ductal obstruction, and absence of sperm fertilising ability, assisted reproductive technologies, such as in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), can be used as an adjunctive measure to allow for biological paternity. Not considered possible just two decades ago, azoospermia due to testicular failure, including 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), is now treatable in approximately 50% of cases when combining surgical harvesting of testicular sperm and ICSI. Although genetic fatherhood is now possible for many men previously considered sterile, it is crucial to discover and abrogate causes as best possible, provide reliable and evidenced-based therapy, consider seriously the health and wellness of any offspring conceived, and always view infertility as a possible symptom of a more general or constitutional disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Tournaye
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of the Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert D Oates
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Kannampuzha-Francis J, Tribulo P, Hansen PJ. Actions of activin A, connective tissue growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 on the development of the bovine preimplantation embryo. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:1329-1339. [DOI: 10.1071/rd16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive tract secretes bioactive molecules collectively known as embryokines that can regulate embryonic growth and development. In the present study we tested four growth factors expressed in the endometrium for their ability to modify the development of the bovine embryo to the blastocyst stage and alter the expression of genes found to be upregulated (bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and keratin 8, type II (KRT8)) or downregulated (NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) and S100 calcium binding protein A10 (S100A10)) in embryos competent to develop to term. Zygotes were treated at Day 5 with 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 nM growth factor. The highest concentration of activin A increased the percentage of putative zygotes that developed to the blastocyst stage. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) increased the number of cells in the inner cell mass (ICM), decreased the trophectoderm : ICM ratio and increased blastocyst expression of KRT8 and ND1. The lowest concentration of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) reduced the percentage of putative zygotes becoming blastocysts. Teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 increased total cell number at 0.01 nM and expression of S100A10 at 1.0 nM, but otherwise had no effects. Results confirm the prodevelopmental actions of activin A and indicate that CTGF may also function as an embryokine by regulating the number of ICM cells in the blastocyst and altering gene expression. Low concentrations of HGF were inhibitory to development.
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Diop H, Gopal D, Cabral H, Belanoff C, Declercq ER, Kotelchuck M, Luke B, Stern JE. Assisted Reproductive Technology and Early Intervention Program Enrollment. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20152007. [PMID: 26908668 PMCID: PMC4766754 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the prevalence of Early Intervention (EI) enrollment in Massachusetts comparing singleton children conceived via assisted reproductive technology (ART), children born to mothers with indicators of subfertility but no ART (Subfertile), and children born to mothers who had no indicators of subfertility and conceived naturally (Fertile). We assessed the natural direct effect (NDE), the natural indirect effect (NIE) through preterm birth, and the total effect of ART and subfertility on EI enrollment. METHODS We examined maternal and infant characteristics among singleton ART (n = 6447), Subfertile (n = 5515), and Fertile (n = 306,343) groups and characteristics associated with EI enrollment includingpreterm birth using χ(2) statistics (α = 0.05). We estimated the NDE and NIE of the ART-EI enrollment relationship by fitting a model for enrollment, conditional on ART, preterm and the ART-preterm delivery interaction, and covariates. Similar analyses were conducted by using Subfertile as the exposure. RESULTS The NDE indicated that the odds of EI enrollment were 27% higher among the ART group (odds ratioNDE = 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19 ̶ 1.36) and 20% higher among the Subfertilegroup (odds ratioNDE = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.12 ̶ 1.29) compared with the Fertile group, even if the rate of preterm birth is held constant. CONCLUSIONS Singleton children conceived through ART and children of subfertile mothers both have elevated risks of EI enrollment. These findings have implications for clinical providers as they counsel women about child health outcomes associated with ART or subfertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsatou Diop
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Daksha Gopal
- Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Howard Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Candice Belanoff
- Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugene R. Declercq
- Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Milton Kotelchuck
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Luke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
| | - Judy E. Stern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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An Update on Oxidative Damage to Spermatozoa and Oocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9540142. [PMID: 26942204 PMCID: PMC4749785 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9540142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mandatory mediators for essential cellular functions including the function of germ cells (oocytes and spermatozoa) and thereby the fertilization process. However, the exposure of these cells to excessive levels of oxidative stress by too high levels of ROS or too low levels of antioxidative protection will render these cells dysfunctional thereby failing the fertilization process and causing couples to be infertile. Numerous causes are responsible for the delicate bodily redox system being out of balance and causing disease and infertility. Many of these causes are modifiable such as lifestyle factors like obesity, poor nutrition, heat stress, smoking, or alcohol abuse. Possible correctable measures include foremost lifestyle changes, but also supplementation with antioxidants to scavenge excessive ROS. However, this should only be done after careful examination of the patient and establishment of the individual bodily antioxidant needs. In addition, other corrective measures include sperm separation for assisted reproductive techniques. However, these techniques have to be carried out very carefully as they, if applied wrongly, bear risks of generating ROS damaging the germ cells and preventing fertilization.
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Werner-Felmayer G, Shalev C. Human Germline Modification--A Missing Link. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2015; 15:49-51. [PMID: 26632364 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2015.1103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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