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Wang J, Qu S, Li R, Fu Y. Power motivation arousal promotes prosocial behavior in the dictator game depending on social presence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277294. [PMID: 36331944 PMCID: PMC9635729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the popular notion that power motivations are associated with aggression and antisocial behavior, this study tested the hypothesis that activating power motivations can promote prosocial behavior. Because previous research has shown that public prosocial behavior is associate with reputation and status, this study examined how making prosocial decisions publicly or privately moderates the relationship between power motivations and prosocial behavior. One hundred and forty participants were randomly assigned to watch 20 min of either The Experiment (power motivation arousal) or a documentary called Beautiful China (control condition). A modified version of the dictator game was used to measure prosocial behavior. Participants were instructed to allocate an amount of money between themselves and a stranger girl in need, in the presence of the experimenter (the experimenter registers donation amount) or in the absence of the experimenter (the donation was put in a closed envelope). The results showed that individuals in the power motivation arousal group increased their help when their reputation was under scrutiny due to the experimenter's presence. In the private condition (experimenter is absent), power motivation is not related to prosocial behavior. The contrasting behavioral reactions resulting from the presence or absence of the experimenter are discussed in terms of reputation gain and competitive altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Research Center for Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuangyi Qu
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunqiao Fu
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Zhang E, Ma X, Tao R, Suo T, Gu H, Li Y. How Social Power Affects the Processing of Angry Expressions: Evidence From Behavioral and Electrophysiological Data. Front Psychol 2021; 11:626522. [PMID: 33551936 PMCID: PMC7858247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.626522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the help of event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study used an oddball paradigm to investigate how both individual and target power modulate neural responses to angry expressions. Specifically, participants were assigned into a high-power or low-power condition. Then, they were asked to detect a deviant angry expression from a high-power or low-power target among a series of neutral expressions, while behavioral responses and electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded. The behavioral results showed that high-power individuals responded faster to detect angry expressions than low-power individuals. The ERP analysis showed that high-power individuals showed larger P3 amplitudes in response to angry expressions than low-power individuals did. Target power increased the amplitudes of the P1, VPP, N3, and P3 in response to angry expressions did, but decreased the amplitudes of the N1 and N170 in response to angry expressions. The present study extended previous studies by showing that having more power could enhance individuals’ neural responses to angry expressions in the late-stage processes, and individuals could show stronger neural responses to angry expressions from high-power persons in both the early‐ and late-stage processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entao Zhang
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xueling Ma
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ruiwen Tao
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tao Suo
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huang Gu
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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The pursuit of fame at the expense of profit: The influence of power motive and social presence on prosocial behavior. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang J, Wu Y. Self-esteem modulates the ERP processing of emotional intensity in happy and angry faces. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217844. [PMID: 31170195 PMCID: PMC6553736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that self-esteem modulates attentional responses to emotional stimuli. However, it is well known that emotional stimuli can vary in intensity. The main objective of the present study was to further investigate self-esteem related emotional intensity processing in happy and anger faces. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 27 high-esteem versus 27 low self-esteem participants carried out a visual oddball task, with neutral faces as the standard stimuli and deviant stimuli varying on valence (happy and anger) and intensity (40%, 70%, and 100% emotive) dimensions. The results showed only high self-esteem people, instead of those with low self-esteem, displayed significant emotion intensity effects for 100% than for 70% happy faces in P3 component. On the other hand, only people with low self-esteem exhibited pronounced intensity effects for anger faces in P3 amplitudes. Moreover, only people with low self-esteem displayed significant intensity effects for 100% compared to both 70% and 40% anger stimuli in N2 amplitudes at central sites. These findings indicate that high self-esteem individuals were typically more susceptible to highly as well as mildly positive stimuli yet less reactive to negative stimuli compared with people with low self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Research Center for Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YW)
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Research Center for Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YW)
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Brown DR, Cavanagh JF. The sound and the fury: Late positive potential is sensitive to sound affect. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1812-1825. [PMID: 28726287 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotion is an emergent construct of multiple distinct neural processes. EEG is uniquely sensitive to real-time neural computations, and thus is a promising tool to study the construction of emotion. This series of studies aimed to probe the mechanistic contribution of the late positive potential (LPP) to multimodal emotion perception. Experiment 1 revealed that LPP amplitudes for visual images, sounds, and visual images paired with sounds were larger for negatively rated stimuli than for neutrally rated stimuli. Experiment 2 manipulated this audiovisual enhancement by altering the valence pairings with congruent (e.g., positive audio + positive visual) or conflicting emotional pairs (e.g., positive audio + negative visual). Negative visual stimuli evoked larger early LPP amplitudes than positive visual stimuli, regardless of sound pairing. However, time frequency analyses revealed significant midfrontal theta-band power differences for conflicting over congruent stimuli pairs, suggesting very early (∼500 ms) realization of thematic fidelity violations. Interestingly, late LPP modulations were reflective of the opposite pattern of congruency, whereby congruent over conflicting pairs had larger LPP amplitudes. Together, these findings suggest that enhanced parietal activity for affective valence is modality independent and sensitive to complex affective processes. Furthermore, these findings suggest that altered neural activities for affective visual stimuli are enhanced by concurrent affective sounds, paving the way toward an understanding of the construction of multimodal affective experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin R Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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The implicit need for power predicts recognition memory for anger faces: An electrophysiological study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chai J, Qu W, Sun X, Zhang K, Ge Y. Negativity Bias in Dangerous Drivers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147083. [PMID: 26765225 PMCID: PMC4713152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioral and cognitive characteristics of dangerous drivers differ significantly from those of safe drivers. However, differences in emotional information processing have seldom been investigated. Previous studies have revealed that drivers with higher anger/anxiety trait scores are more likely to be involved in crashes and that individuals with higher anger traits exhibit stronger negativity biases when processing emotions compared with control groups. However, researchers have not explored the relationship between emotional information processing and driving behavior. In this study, we examined the emotional information processing differences between dangerous drivers and safe drivers. Thirty-eight non-professional drivers were divided into two groups according to the penalty points that they had accrued for traffic violations: 15 drivers with 6 or more points were included in the dangerous driver group, and 23 drivers with 3 or fewer points were included in the safe driver group. The emotional Stroop task was used to measure negativity biases, and both behavioral and electroencephalograph data were recorded. The behavioral results revealed stronger negativity biases in the dangerous drivers than in the safe drivers. The bias score was correlated with self-reported dangerous driving behavior. Drivers with strong negativity biases reported having been involved in mores crashes compared with the less-biased drivers. The event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed that the dangerous drivers exhibited reduced P3 components when responding to negative stimuli, suggesting decreased inhibitory control of information that is task-irrelevant but emotionally salient. The influence of negativity bias provides one possible explanation of the effects of individual differences on dangerous driving behavior and traffic crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weina Qu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YG); (WNQ)
| | - Xianghong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YG); (WNQ)
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Wei Z, Ruz M, Zhao Z, Zheng Y. Epistemic motivation affects the processing of negative emotional stimuli in interpersonal decisions. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1057. [PMID: 26257698 PMCID: PMC4511879 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present electrophysiological study investigated the role of the need for cognitive closure (NFC) in emotional processing. The NFC is conceptualized as an epistemic motive that is related to how and why people seek out information in social environments. Event-related potentials were recorded while individuals with high NFC (i.e., low epistemic motivation) or low NFC (i.e., high epistemic motivation) performed a modified Ultimatum Game, in which the emotions of happy or angry game agents were employed to predict their most likely offer. High-NFC participants more closely adhered to the decisions rules of the game than low-NFC individuals did. The electrophysiological results showed that the dispositional NFC modified early perceptual components (N170, N200, and P200). The potentials showed that high-NFC subjects had a processing bias to angry faces, whereas low-NFC individuals exhibited no such effects. These findings indicated that high-NFC individuals were more sensitive to negative emotional stimuli than low-NFC individuals in an interpersonal decision-making task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - María Ruz
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
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The implicit need for power predicts recognition speed for dynamic changes in facial expressions of emotion. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Implicit power motive effects on the ERP processing of emotional intensity in anger faces. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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