1
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Le Bras T, Allibe B, Doré-Mazars K. The way we look at an image or a webpage can reveal personality traits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15488. [PMID: 38969715 PMCID: PMC11226433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Personality is a central concept and a cross-domain explanatory factor in psychology to characterize and differentiate individuals. Surprisingly, among the many studies on oculomotor behavior, only a few have investigated how personality influences the exploration of a visual stimulus. Due to the limited number of existing studies, it is still uncertain if markers of personality in eye movements are always observable in eye movements across various exploration contexts. Here, introducing a novel concept of gaze-based signatures of personality, we used visual exploration metrics to detect personality signatures across various exploration contexts (visual search and free-viewing on images and webpages) in 91 participants. Personality data were collected as in the reference paper that validated the French version of the Big Five Inventory. Linear regression analyses demonstrated that while Extraversion and Openness to Experience did not correlate with any particular exploration metric, the other three traits-Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism-correlated robustly with all exploration metrics in different visual exploration contexts. Our study provides evidence for the capture of the gaze-based signature of personality from very brief eye movement recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Bras
- Vision Action Cognition Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, 92700, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- Research and Development Department, AB Tasty, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Benoit Allibe
- Research and Development Department, AB Tasty, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Doré-Mazars
- Vision Action Cognition Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, 92700, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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2
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Bardach L, Schumacher A, Trautwein U, Kasneci E, Tibus M, Wortha F, Gerjets P, Appel T. Taking another look at intelligence and personality using an eye-tracking approach. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:41. [PMID: 38951543 PMCID: PMC11217503 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Intelligence and personality are both key drivers of learning. This study extends prior research on intelligence and personality by adopting a behavioral-process-related eye-tracking approach. We tested 182 adults on fluid intelligence and the Big Five personality traits. Eye-tracking information (gaze patterns) was recorded while participants completed the intelligence test. Machine learning models showed that personality explained 3.18% of the variance in intelligence test scores, with Openness and, surprisingly, Agreeableness most meaningfully contributing to the prediction. Facet-level measures of personality explained a larger amount of variance (7.67%) in intelligence test scores than the trait-level measures, with the largest coefficients obtained for Ideas and Values (Openness) and Compliance and Trust (Agreeableness). Gaze patterns explained a substantial amount of variance in intelligence test performance (35.91%). Gaze patterns were unrelated to the Big Five personality traits, but some of the facets (especially Self-Consciousness from Neuroticism and Assertiveness from Extraversion) were related to gaze. Gaze patterns reflected the test-solving strategies described in the literature (constructive matching, response elimination) to some extent. A combined feature vector consisting of gaze-based predictions and personality traits explained 37.50% of the variance in intelligence test performance, with significant unique contributions from both personality and gaze patterns. A model that included personality facets and gaze explained 38.02% of the variance in intelligence test performance. Although behavioral data thus clearly outperformed "traditional" psychological measures (Big Five personality) in predicting intelligence test performance, our results also underscore the independent contributions of personality and gaze patterns in predicting intelligence test performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bardach
- Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Aki Schumacher
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Trautwein
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Maike Tibus
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Gerjets
- Leibniz Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Appel
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Wagner J, Zurlo A, Rusconi E. Individual differences in visual search: A systematic review of the link between visual search performance and traits or abilities. Cortex 2024; 178:51-90. [PMID: 38970898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Visual search (VS) comprises a class of tasks that we typically perform several times during a day and requires intentionally scanning (with or without moving the eyes) the environment for a specific target (be it an object or a feature) among distractor stimuli. Experimental research in lab-based or real-world settings has offered insight into its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms from a nomothetic point of view. A lesser-known but rapidly growing body of quasi-experimental and correlational research has explored the link between individual differences and VS performance. This combines different research traditions and covers a wide range of individual differences in studies deploying a vast array of VS tasks. As such, it is a challenge to determine whether any associations highlighted in single studies are robust when considering the wider literature. However, clarifying such relationships systematically and comprehensively would help build more accurate models of VS, and it would highlight promising directions for future research. This systematic review provides an up to date and comprehensive synthesis of the existing literature investigating associations between common indices of performance in VS tasks and measures of individual differences mapped onto four categories of cognitive abilities (short-term working memory, fluid reasoning, visual processing and processing speed) and seven categories of traits (Big Five traits, trait anxiety and autistic traits). Consistent associations for both traits (in particular, conscientiousness, autistic traits and trait anxiety - the latter limited to emotional stimuli) and cognitive abilities (particularly visual processing) were identified. Overall, however, informativeness of future studies would benefit from checking and reporting the reliability of all measurement tools, applying multiplicity correction, using complementary techniques, study preregistration and testing why, rather than only if, a robust relation between certain individual differences and VS performance exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wagner
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Adriana Zurlo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Elena Rusconi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy; Centre of Security and Crime Sciences, University of Trento - University of Verona, Trento, Italy.
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4
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Xu K. Insights into the relationship between eye movements and personality traits in restricted visual fields. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10261. [PMID: 38704441 PMCID: PMC11069522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60992-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested behavioral patterns, such as visual attention and eye movements, relate to individual personality traits. However, these studies mainly focused on free visual tasks, and the impact of visual field restriction remains inadequately understood. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the patterns of conscious eye movements induced by visual field restriction and to examine how these patterns relate to individual personality traits. Building on previous research, we aim to gain new insights through two behavioral experiments, unraveling the intricate relationship between visual behaviors and individual personality traits. As a result, both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 revealed differences in eye movements during free observation and visual field restriction. Particularly, simulation results based on the analyzed data showed clear distinctions in eye movements between free observation and visual field restriction conditions. This suggests that eye movements during free observation involve a mixture of conscious and unconscious eye movements. Furthermore, we observed significant correlations between conscious eye movements and personality traits, with more pronounced effects in the visual field restriction condition used in Experiment 2 compared to Experiment 1. These analytical findings provide a novel perspective on human cognitive processes through visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangzhe Xu
- Institute for Promotion of Higher Education, Hirosaki University, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan.
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5
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Stefanova V, Scheepers C, Wilson P, Papageorgiou KA. Grandiose narcissism associates with higher cognitive performance under stress through more efficient attention distribution: An eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302644. [PMID: 38701068 PMCID: PMC11068195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcissism is a part of the Dark Triad that consists also of the traits of Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Two main types of narcissism exist: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Being a Dark Triad trait, narcissism is typically associated with negative outcomes. However, recent research suggests that at least the grandiose type may be linked (directly or indirectly) to positive outcomes including lower levels of psychopathology, higher school grades in adolescents, deeper and more strategic learning in university students and higher cognitive performance in experimental settings. The current pre-registered, quasi-experimental study implemented eye-tracking to assess whether grandiose narcissism indirectly predicts cognitive performance through wider distribution of attention on the Raven's Progressive Matrices task. Fifty-four adults completed measures of the Dark Triad, self-esteem and psychopathology. Eight months to one year later, participants completed the Raven's, while their eye-movements were monitored during high stress conditions. When controlling for previous levels of psychopathology, grandiose narcissism predicted higher Raven's scores indirectly, through increased variability in the number of fixations across trials. These findings suggest that grandiose narcissism predicts higher cognitive performance, at least in experimental settings, and call for further research to understand the implications of this seemingly dark trait for performance across various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilena Stefanova
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Scheepers
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilson
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas A. Papageorgiou
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus
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6
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Yamashita J, Takimoto Y, Oishi H, Kumada T. How do personality traits modulate real-world gaze behavior? Generated gaze data shows situation-dependent modulations. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1144048. [PMID: 38268808 PMCID: PMC10805946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1144048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
It has both scientific and practical benefits to substantiate the theoretical prediction that personality (Big Five) traits systematically modulate gaze behavior in various real-world (working) situations. Nevertheless, previous methods that required controlled situations and large numbers of participants failed to incorporate real-world personality modulation analysis. One cause of this research gap is the mixed effects of individual attributes (e.g., the accumulated attributes of age, gender, and degree of measurement noise) and personality traits in gaze data. Previous studies may have used larger sample sizes to average out the possible concentration of specific individual attributes in some personality traits, and may have imposed control situations to prevent unexpected interactions between these possibly biased individual attributes and complex, realistic situations. Therefore, we generated and analyzed real-world gaze behavior where the effects of personality traits are separated out from individual attributes. In Experiment 1, we successfully provided a methodology for generating such sensor data on head and eye movements for a small sample of participants who performed realistic nonsocial (data-entry) and social (conversation) work tasks (i.e., the first contribution). In Experiment 2, we evaluated the effectiveness of generated gaze behavior for real-world personality modulation analysis. We successfully showed how openness systematically modulates the autocorrelation coefficients of sensor data, reflecting the period of head and eye movements in data-entry and conversation tasks (i.e., the second contribution). We found different openness modulations in the autocorrelation coefficients from the generated sensor data of the two tasks. These modulations could not be detected using real sensor data because of the contamination of individual attributes. In conclusion, our method is a potentially powerful tool for understanding theoretically expected, systematic situation-specific personality modulation of real-world gaze behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Yamashita
- NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Takimoto
- NTT Human Informatics Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruo Oishi
- NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Wang W, Kofler L, Lindgren C, Lobel M, Murphy A, Tong Q, Pickering K. AI for Psychometrics: Validating Machine Learning Models in Measuring Emotional Intelligence with Eye-Tracking Techniques. J Intell 2023; 11:170. [PMID: 37754899 PMCID: PMC10532593 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11090170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AI, or artificial intelligence, is a technology of creating algorithms and computer systems that mimic human cognitive abilities to perform tasks. Many industries are undergoing revolutions due to the advances and applications of AI technology. The current study explored a burgeoning field-Psychometric AI, which integrates AI methodologies and psychological measurement to not only improve measurement accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness but also help reduce human bias and increase objectivity in measurement. Specifically, by leveraging unobtrusive eye-tracking sensing techniques and performing 1470 runs with seven different machine-learning classifiers, the current study systematically examined the efficacy of various (ML) models in measuring different facets and measures of the emotional intelligence (EI) construct. Our results revealed an average accuracy ranging from 50-90%, largely depending on the percentile to dichotomize the EI scores. More importantly, our study found that AI algorithms were powerful enough to achieve high accuracy with as little as 5 or 2 s of eye-tracking data. The research also explored the effects of EI facets/measures on ML measurement accuracy and identified many eye-tracking features most predictive of EI scores. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Liat Kofler
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Chapman Lindgren
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Max Lobel
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amanda Murphy
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Qiwen Tong
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Kemar Pickering
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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8
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Wada Y. Consistency and stability of gaze behavior when reading manga. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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9
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D’Amelio A, Patania S, Bursic S, Cuculo V, Boccignone G. Using Gaze for Behavioural Biometrics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1262. [PMID: 36772302 PMCID: PMC9920149 DOI: 10.3390/s23031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A principled approach to the analysis of eye movements for behavioural biometrics is laid down. The approach grounds in foraging theory, which provides a sound basis to capture the uniqueness of individual eye movement behaviour. We propose a composite Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for quantifying the exploration/exploitation signature characterising the foraging eye behaviour. The relevant parameters of the composite model, inferred from eye-tracking data via Bayesian analysis, are shown to yield a suitable feature set for biometric identification; the latter is eventually accomplished via a classical classification technique. A proof of concept of the method is provided by measuring its identification performance on a publicly available dataset. Data and code for reproducing the analyses are made available. Overall, we argue that the approach offers a fresh view on either the analyses of eye-tracking data and prospective applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D’Amelio
- PHuSe Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Milano Statale, Via Celoria 18, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Patania
- PHuSe Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Milano Statale, Via Celoria 18, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sathya Bursic
- PHuSe Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Milano Statale, Via Celoria 18, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cuculo
- PHuSe Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Milano Statale, Via Celoria 18, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Boccignone
- PHuSe Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Milano Statale, Via Celoria 18, 20133 Milan, Italy
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10
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Yan D, Chen L. The Influence of Personality Traits on User Interaction with Recommendation Interfaces. ACM T INTERACT INTEL 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3558772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Users’ personality traits can take an active role in affecting their behavior when they interact with a computer interface. However, in the area of recommender systems (RS), though
personality-based RS
has been extensively studied, most works focus on algorithm design, with little attention paid to studying
whether
and
how
the personality may influence users’ interaction with the recommendation interface. In this manuscript, we report the results of a user study (with 108 participants) that not only measured the influence of users’ personality traits on their perception and performance when using the recommendation interface but also employed an eye-tracker to in-depth reveal how personality may influence users’ eye-movement behavior. Moreover, being different from related work that has mainly been conducted in a single product domain, our user study was performed in three typical application domains (i.e., electronics like smartphones, entertainment like movies, and tourism like hotels). Our results show that mainly three personality traits, i.e.,
Openness to experience
,
Conscientiousness
, and
Agreeableness
, significantly influence users’ perception and eye-movement behavior, but the exact influences vary across the domains. Finally, we provide a set of guidelines that might be constructive for designing a more effective recommendation interface based on user personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shandong University, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Computer Science Hong Kong Baptist University, China
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11
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Hu S, Gao Y, Zou M, Zhang H, Cheng Z, Zhao J, Wang Y. People attend to the world differently: The modulation of personality traits on the modes of attentional selection. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Sun X, Huang J, Zheng S, Rao X, Wang M. Personality Assessment Based on Multimodal Attention Network Learning With Category-Based Mean Square Error. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2022; 31:2162-2174. [PMID: 35196235 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2022.3152049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Personality analysis is widely used in occupational aptitude tests and entrance psychological tests. However, answering hundreds of questions at once seems to be a burden. Inspired by personality psychology, we propose a multimodal attention network with Category-based mean square error (CBMSE) for personality assessment. With this method, we can obtain information about one's behaviour from his or her daily videos, including his or her gaze distribution, speech features, and facial expression changes, to accurately determine personality traits. In particular, we propose a new approach to implementing an attention mechanism based on the facial Region of No Interest (RoNI), which can achieve higher accuracy and reduce the number of network parameters. Simultaneously, we use CBMSE, a loss function with a higher penalty for the fuzzy boundary in personality assessment, to help the network distinguish boundary data. After effective data fusion, this method achieves an average prediction accuracy of 92.07%, which is higher than any other state-of-the-art model on the dataset of the ChaLearn Looking at People challenge in association with ECCV 2016.
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Abstract
Abstract. With the widespread adoption of masks, there is a need for understanding how facial obstruction affects emotion recognition. We asked 120 participants to identify emotions from faces with and without masks. We also examined if recognition performance was related to autistic traits and personality. Masks impacted recognition of expressions with diagnostic lower face features the most and those with diagnostic upper face features the least. Persons with higher autistic traits were worse at identifying unmasked expressions, while persons with lower extraversion and higher agreeableness were better at recognizing masked expressions. These results show that different features play different roles in emotion recognition and suggest that obscuring features affects social communication differently as a function of autistic traits and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jelena Ristic
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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14
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Twenty seconds of visual behaviour on social media gives insight into personality. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1178. [PMID: 35064203 PMCID: PMC8782844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye tracking allows the researcher to capture individual differences in the expression of visual exploration behaviour, which in certain contexts has been found to reflect aspects of the user's preferences and personality. In a novel approach, we recorded the eye movements of 180 participants whilst they browsed their Facebook News Feed and employed a machine learning approach to predict each of the self-reported Big Five personality traits from this viewing behaviour. We identify that specific visual behaviours are informative of an individual's personality trait information, and can be used to psychologically profile social networking site users significantly better than chance after collecting only 20 seconds of viewing behaviour. We discuss potential applications for user engagement during human-computer interactions, and highlight potential privacy concerns.
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15
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Saberi M, DiPaola S, Bernardet U. Expressing Personality Through Non-verbal Behaviour in Real-Time Interaction. Front Psychol 2021; 12:660895. [PMID: 34899452 PMCID: PMC8662698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The attribution of traits plays an important role as a heuristic for how we interact with others. Many psychological models of personality are analytical in that they derive a classification from reported or hypothesised behaviour. In the work presented here, we follow the opposite approach: Our personality model generates behaviour that leads an observer to attribute personality characteristics to the actor. Concretely, the model controls all relevant aspects of non-verbal behaviour such as gaze, facial expression, gesture, and posture. The model, embodied in a virtual human, affords to realistically interact with participants in real-time. Conceptually, our model focuses on the two dimensions of extra/introversion and stability/neuroticism. In the model, personality parameters influence both, the internal affective state as well as the characteristic of the behaviour execution. Importantly, the parameters of the model are based on empirical findings in the behavioural sciences. To evaluate our model, we conducted two types of studies. Firstly, passive experiments where participants rated videos showing variants of behaviour driven by different personality parameter configurations. Secondly, presential experiments where participants interacted with the virtual human, playing rounds of the Rock-Paper-Scissors game. Our results show that the model is effective in conveying the impression of the personality of a virtual character to users. Embodying the model in an artificial social agent capable of real-time interactive behaviour is the only way to move from an analytical to a generative approach to understanding personality, and we believe that this methodology raises a host of novel research questions in the field of personality theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Saberi
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steve DiPaola
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ulysses Bernardet
- Aston Institute of Urban Technology and the Environment (ASTUTE), Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Zangrossi A, Cona G, Celli M, Zorzi M, Corbetta M. Visual exploration dynamics are low-dimensional and driven by intrinsic factors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1100. [PMID: 34535744 PMCID: PMC8448835 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When looking at visual images, the eyes move to the most salient and behaviourally relevant objects. Saliency and semantic information significantly explain where people look. Less is known about the spatiotemporal properties of eye movements (i.e., how people look). We show that three latent variables explain 60% of eye movement dynamics of more than a hundred observers looking at hundreds of different natural images. The first component explaining 30% of variability loads on fixation duration, and it does not relate to image saliency or semantics; it approximates a power-law distribution of gaze steps, an intrinsic dynamic measure, and identifies observers with two viewing styles: static and dynamic. Notably, these viewing styles were also identified when observers look at a blank screen. These results support the importance of endogenous processes such as intrinsic dynamics to explain eye movement spatiotemporal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zangrossi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.428736.cVenetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cona
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Miriam Celli
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.428736.cVenetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Zorzi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.492797.6IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.428736.cVenetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
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Gullapalli AR, Anderson NE, Yerramsetty R, Harenski CL, Kiehl KA. Quantifying the psychopathic stare: Automated assessment of head motion is related to antisocial traits in forensic interviews. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Sarsam SM, Al-Samarraie H, Alzahrani AI. Influence of personality traits on users’ viewing behaviour. J Inf Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0165551521998051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different views on the role of personal factors in moderating individual viewing behaviour exist. This study examined the impact of personality traits on individual viewing behaviour of facial stimulus. A total of 96 students (46 males and 50 females, age 23–28 years) were participated in this study. The Big-Five personality traits of all the participants together with data related to their eye-movements were collected and analysed. The results showed three groups of users who scored high on the personality traits of neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Individuals who scored high in a specific personality trait were more probably to interpret the visual image differently from individuals with other personality traits. To determine the extent to which a specific personality trait is associated with users’ viewing behaviour of visual stimulus, a predictive model was developed and validated. The prediction results showed that 96.73% of the identified personality traits can potentially be predicted by the viewing behaviour of users. The findings of this study can expand the current understanding of human personality and choice behaviour. The study also contributes to the perceptual encoding process of faces and the perceptual mechanism in the holistic face processing theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Muthana Sarsam
- Department of Business Analytics, Sunway University Business School, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jaeger L, Eckhardt A. Eyes wide open: The role of situational information security awareness for security‐related behaviour. INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/isj.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Jaeger
- Lecturer in Information Security, Governance and Leadership, Department of Business Information Systems University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Andreas Eckhardt
- Professor of Information Systems, Faculty of Business and Management University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
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Pavic K, Oker A, Chetouani M, Chaby L. Age-related changes in gaze behaviour during social interaction: An eye-tracking study with an embodied conversational agent. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 74:1128-1139. [PMID: 33283649 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820982165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has highlighted age-related differences in social perception, in particular emotional expression processing. To date, such studies have largely focused on approaches that use static emotional stimuli that the participant has to identify passively without the possibility of any interaction. In this study, we propose an interactive virtual environment to better address age-related variations in social and emotional perception. A group of 22 young (18-30 years) and 20 older (60-80 years) adults were engaged in a face-to-face conversation with an embodied conversational agent. Participants were invited to interact naturally with the agent and to identify his facial expression. Their gaze behaviour was captured by an eye-tracking device throughout the interaction. We also explored whether the Big Five personality traits (particularly extraversion) and anxiety modulated gaze during the social interaction. Findings suggested that age-related differences in gaze behaviour were only apparent when decoding social signals (i.e., listening to a partner's question, identifying facial expressions) and not when communicating social information (i.e., when speaking). Furthermore, higher extraversion levels consistently led to a shorter amount of time gazing towards the eyes, whereas higher anxiety levels led to slight modulations of gaze only when participants were listening to questions. Face-to-face conversation with virtual agents can provide a more naturalistic framework for the assessment of online socio-emotional interaction in older adults, which is not easily observable in classical offline paradigms. This study provides novel and important insights into the specific circumstances in which older adults may experience difficulties in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Pavic
- Institut de psychologie, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Université de Paris, VAC, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Ali Oker
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé Société (EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Mohamed Chetouani
- Institut des systèmes intelligents et de robotique (ISIR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7222, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Chaby
- Institut de psychologie, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Institut des systèmes intelligents et de robotique (ISIR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7222, Paris, France
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21
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Abstract
Personality detection is an important task in psychology, as different personality traits are linked to different behaviours and real-life outcomes. Traditionally it involves filling out lengthy questionnaires, which is time-consuming, and may also be unreliable if respondents do not fully understand the questions or are not willing to honestly answer them. In this article, we propose a framework for objective personality detection that leverages humans’ physiological responses to external stimuli. We exemplify and evaluate the framework in a case study, where we expose subjects to affective image and video stimuli, and capture their physiological responses using non-invasive commercial-grade eye-tracking and skin conductivity sensors. These responses are then processed and used to build a machine learning classifier capable of accurately predicting a wide range of personality traits. We investigate and discuss the performance of various machine learning methods, the most and least accurately predicted traits, and also assess the importance of the different stimuli, features, and physiological signals. Our work demonstrates that personality traits can be accurately detected, suggesting the applicability of the proposed framework for robust personality detection and use by psychology practitioners and researchers, as well as designers of personalised interactive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shlomo Berkovsky
- Centre for Health Informatics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Irena Koprinska
- School of Computer Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eileen Wang
- School of Computer Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yucheng Zeng
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingjie Li
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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22
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Huo JY, Wang XQ, Ge Y, Wang YC, Hu XY, Liu MF, Ji LJ, Ye BJ. Chinese college students' ability to recognize facial expressions based on their meaning-in-life profiles: An eye-tracking study. J Pers 2020; 89:514-530. [PMID: 32996593 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People can be categorized into one of four meaning-in-life profiles: High Presence High Search (HPHS), High Presence Low Search (HPLS), Low Presence High Search (LPHS), and Low Presence Low Search (LPLS).The main goal of this study is to provide a theoretical explanation for why Chinese people with different meaning-in-life profiles have different mental health levels than Western people, based on their emotional-cognitive-processing ability. METHOD We adopted eye-movement analysis and recognition-judgment experimental paradigm concerning absolute-recognition judgment and relative-recognition judgment in our study. Moreover, we applied a multifactor and multilevel mixed-experimental design. We selected 118 participants for the experiments from the 788 Chinese college students who responded. RESULTS Our results showed that HPHS individuals preferred positive-emotion pictures, LPLS individuals preferred negative-emotion pictures, HPLS individuals preferred positive- and neutral-emotion pictures, and LPHS individuals preferred neutral-emotion pictures. Moreover, HPHS individuals were better at accurately processing facial expression from pictures, while LPLS individuals lacked such ability. The fine-processing ability of HPLS and LPHS individuals was lower than that of HPHS yet higher than that of LPLS individuals. Moreover, the features of HPLS individuals were closer to HPHS, while those of LPHS individuals were closer to LPLS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that meaning-in-life profiles have different immediate processing abilities and preferences regarding facial expression recognition and different emotional-cognitive-processing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Huo
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Wang
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yin-Cheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming-Fan Liu
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bao-Juan Ye
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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23
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Hernández-García A, Ramos Gameiro R, Grillini A, König P. Global visual salience of competing stimuli. J Vis 2020; 20:27. [PMID: 32720973 PMCID: PMC7424106 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.7.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current computational models of visual salience accurately predict the distribution of fixations on isolated visual stimuli. It is not known, however, whether the global salience of a stimulus, that is, its effectiveness in the competition for attention with other stimuli, is a function of the local salience or an independent measure. Further, do task and familiarity with the competing images influence eye movements? Here, we investigated the direction of the first saccade to characterize and analyze the global visual salience of competing stimuli. Participants freely observed pairs of images while eye movements were recorded. The pairs balanced the combinations of new and already seen images, as well as task and task-free trials. Then, we trained a logistic regression model that accurately predicted the location-left or right image-of the first fixation for each stimulus pair, accounting too for the influence of task, familiarity, and lateral bias. The coefficients of the model provided a reliable measure of global salience, which we contrasted with two distinct local salience models, GBVS and Deep Gaze. The lack of correlation of the behavioral data with the former and the small correlation with the latter indicate that global salience cannot be explained by the feature-driven local salience of images. Further, the influence of task and familiarity was rather small, and we reproduced the previously reported left-sided bias. Summarized, we showed that natural stimuli have an intrinsic global salience related to the human initial gaze direction, independent of the local salience and little influenced by task and familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hernández-García
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Alessandro Grillini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Hasanzadeh S, Polys NF, de la Garza JM. Presence, Mixed Reality, and Risk-Taking Behavior: A Study in Safety Interventions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2020; 26:2115-2125. [PMID: 32070965 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immersive environments have been successfully applied to a broad range of safety training in high-risk domains. However, very little research has used these systems to evaluate the risk-taking behavior of construction workers. In this study, we investigated the feasibility and usefulness of providing passive haptics in a mixed-reality environment to capture the risk-taking behavior of workers, identify at-risk workers, and propose injury-prevention interventions to counteract excessive risk-taking and risk-compensatory behavior. Within a mixed-reality environment in a CAVE-like display system, our subjects installed shingles on a (physical) sloped roof of a (virtual) two-story residential building on a morning in a suburban area. Through this controlled, within-subject experimental design, we exposed each subject to three experimental conditions by manipulating the level of safety intervention. Workers' subjective reports, physiological signals, psychophysical responses, and reactionary behaviors were then considered as promising measures of Presence. The results showed that our mixed-reality environment was a suitable platform for triggering behavioral changes under different experimental conditions and for evaluating the risk perception and risk-taking behavior of workers in a risk-free setting. These results demonstrated the value of immersive technology to investigate natural human factors.
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26
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Oculomotor Control in Amputee Soccer Players. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2020; 37:41-55. [PMID: 31837646 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated the dynamics of saccadic parameters during a stationary oculomotor target task in amputee soccer players (n = 16), able-bodied soccer players (n = 16), and nonathletic control subjects (n = 16). Eye movements during the visual-search tasks were recorded binocularly using a mobile eye-tracking system, and the gaze parameters were analyzed (fixation duration, saccade duration, saccade amplitude, saccade average acceleration, saccade peak deceleration, saccade average velocity, and ocular mobility index). The average saccade acceleration in the amputee soccer players was significantly lower than in the able-bodied players (p = .021). Other saccade characteristics in disabled athletes were comparable to those of the able-bodied groups. Moreover, the able-bodied soccer players presented faster saccadic parameters than nonathletes in terms of saccade acceleration (p = .002), deceleration (p = .015), and velocity (p = .009). The modification of oculomotor functions may result from extensive practice and participation in ball games. The authors' hypothesis that oculomotor functions in amputee soccer players may be impaired was not fully confirmed.
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27
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Shavit-Cohen K, Zion Golumbic E. The Dynamics of Attention Shifts Among Concurrent Speech in a Naturalistic Multi-speaker Virtual Environment. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:386. [PMID: 31780911 PMCID: PMC6857110 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing attention on one speaker on the background of other irrelevant speech can be a challenging feat. A longstanding question in attention research is whether and how frequently individuals shift their attention towards task-irrelevant speech, arguably leading to occasional detection of words in a so-called unattended message. However, this has been difficult to gauge empirically, particularly when participants attend to continuous natural speech, due to the lack of appropriate metrics for detecting shifts in internal attention. Here we introduce a new experimental platform for studying the dynamic deployment of attention among concurrent speakers, utilizing a unique combination of Virtual Reality (VR) and Eye-Tracking technology. We created a Virtual Café in which participants sit across from and attend to the narrative of a target speaker. We manipulated the number and location of distractor speakers by placing additional characters throughout the Virtual Café. By monitoring participant's eye-gaze dynamics, we studied the patterns of overt attention-shifts among concurrent speakers as well as the consequences of these shifts on speech comprehension. Our results reveal important individual differences in the gaze-pattern displayed during selective attention to speech. While some participants stayed fixated on a target speaker throughout the entire experiment, approximately 30% of participants frequently shifted their gaze toward distractor speakers or other locations in the environment, regardless of the severity of audiovisual distraction. Critically, preforming frequent gaze-shifts negatively impacted the comprehension of target speech, and participants made more mistakes when looking away from the target speaker. We also found that gaze-shifts occurred primarily during gaps in the acoustic input, suggesting that momentary reductions in acoustic masking prompt attention-shifts between competing speakers, in line with "glimpsing" theories of processing speech in noise. These results open a new window into understanding the dynamics of attention as they wax and wane over time, and the different listening patterns employed for dealing with the influx of sensory input in multisensory environments. Moreover, the novel approach developed here for tracking the locus of momentary attention in a naturalistic virtual-reality environment holds high promise for extending the study of human behavior and cognition and bridging the gap between the laboratory and real-life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elana Zion Golumbic
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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28
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29
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Hyatt CS, Crowe ML, Lynam DR, Miller JD. Components of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy and the Five-Factor Model Domains Share Largely Overlapping Nomological Networks. Assessment 2019; 27:72-88. [PMID: 31304764 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119860903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The triarchic model of psychopathy is a recently developed model of psychopathy that identifies three primary domains: Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition. These traits overlap substantially with general and pathological five-factor model of personality (Boldness = low Neuroticism + high Extraversion; Meanness = low Agreeableness; Disinhibition = low Conscientiousness). In the current study (total N = 1,266), we compare domains from the triarchic model of psychopathy and five-factor model in relation to self- and informant-report of external criteria (e.g., pathological traits, antisocial behavior), and quantified their absolute similarity using a profile-matching approach. The corresponding traits from these models show large interrelations and very similar convergent and divergent relations, suggesting that unaltered traits from one can be considered excellent representations of the other. Results are discussed in terms of the benefits of using a unifying trait-based model to study psychopathy, as well as personality disorders more broadly.
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Morgan M, Hills PJ. Correlations between holistic processing, Autism quotient, extraversion, and experience and the own-gender bias in face recognition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209530. [PMID: 31276470 PMCID: PMC6611558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The variability in the own-gender bias (OGB) in face-recognition is thought to be based on experience and the engagement of expert face processing mechanisms for own-gender faces. Experience is also associated with personality characteristics such as extraversion and Autism, yet the effects of these variables on the own-gender bias has not been explored. We ran a face recognition study exploring the relationships between own-gender experience, holistic processing (measured using the face-inversion effect, composite face effect, and the parts-and-wholes test), personality characteristics (extraversion and Autism Quotient) and the OGB. Findings did not support a mediational account where experience increases holistic processing and this increases the OGB. Rather, there was a direct relationship between extraversion and Autism Quotient and the OGB. We interpret this as personality characteristics having an effect on the motivation to process own-gender faces more deeply than opposite-gender faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hills
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyi Luo
- Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Koyama
- Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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32
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Extraversion and focus of attention on facial emotions: an experimental eye-tracking study. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2019.85413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ruminative minds, wandering minds: Effects of rumination and mind wandering on lexical associations, pitch imitation and eye behaviour. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207578. [PMID: 30452479 PMCID: PMC6242373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that rumination is reflected in two behavioural signals that both play an important role in face-to-face interactions and provides evidence for the negative impact of rumination on social cognition. Sixty-one students were randomly assigned either to a condition in which rumination was induced or to a control condition. Their task was to play a speech-based word association game with an Embodied Conversational Agent during which their word associations, pitch imitation and eye movements were measured. Two questionnaires assessed their ruminative tendencies and mind wandering thoughts, respectively. Rumination predicted differences in task-related mind wandering, polarity of lexical associations, pitch imitation, and blinks while mind wandering predicted differences in saccades. This outcome may show that rumination has a negative impact on certain aspects of social interactions.
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Hoppe S, Loetscher T, Morey SA, Bulling A. Eye Movements During Everyday Behavior Predict Personality Traits. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:105. [PMID: 29713270 PMCID: PMC5912102 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides allowing us to perceive our surroundings, eye movements are also a window into our mind and a rich source of information on who we are, how we feel, and what we do. Here we show that eye movements during an everyday task predict aspects of our personality. We tracked eye movements of 42 participants while they ran an errand on a university campus and subsequently assessed their personality traits using well-established questionnaires. Using a state-of-the-art machine learning method and a rich set of features encoding different eye movement characteristics, we were able to reliably predict four of the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness) as well as perceptual curiosity only from eye movements. Further analysis revealed new relations between previously neglected eye movement characteristics and personality. Our findings demonstrate a considerable influence of personality on everyday eye movement control, thereby complementing earlier studies in laboratory settings. Improving automatic recognition and interpretation of human social signals is an important endeavor, enabling innovative design of human–computer systems capable of sensing spontaneous natural user behavior to facilitate efficient interaction and personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hoppe
- Machine Learning and Robotics Lab, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Bulling
- Perceptual User Interfaces Group, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Simpson A, Thomas NA. Neuroticism, schizotypy, and scale anchors influence eye movement behaviour in the visual exploration of abstract art: An exploratory study. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 183:85-98. [PMID: 29353738 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The same piece of artwork can attract both admiration and rejection from different people. One potential explanation for this effect is individual differences in perceptual biases, which influence the way in which we see different aspects of the same image. We explored the relationship between individual differences (i.e., personality) and eye movements for examinations of abstract art. Images were presented for 5000ms, after which participants judged aesthetic appeal and perceived value using visual analogue scales. Scale anchor labels (Looks Good/Looks Bad; $0/$5000) were counterbalanced between participants such that positive labels were on the left half of the time and on the right half of the time. Overall, more fixations occurred to the right and upper visual fields. Neuroticism significantly predicted the proportion of fixations to the left, whereas cognitive disorganisation negatively predicted the proportion of fixations to upper space. Participants found images more aesthetically pleasing and more valuable when positive anchors were on the left. Findings demonstrate that personality traits influence fixation patterns. Further, the positioning of positive anchor labels on the left leads to higher ratings of visual stimuli.
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Abstract
Background: The mechanisms and triggers of the attentional bias in social anxiety are not yet fully determined, and the modulating role of personality traits is being increasingly acknowledged. Aims: Our main purpose was to test whether social anxiety is associated with mechanisms of hypervigilance, avoidance (static biases), vigilance-avoidance or the maintenance of attention (dynamic biases). Our secondary goal was to explore the role of personality structure in shaping the attention bias. Method: Participants with high vs low social anxiety and different personality structures viewed pairs of faces (free-viewing eye-tracking task) representing different emotions (anger, happiness and neutrality). Their eye movements were registered and analysed for both whole-trial (static) and time-dependent (dynamic) measures. Results: Comparisons between participants with high and low social anxiety levels did not yield evidence of differences in eye-tracking measures for the whole trial (latency of first fixation, first fixation direction, total dwell time), but the two groups differed in the time course of overt attention during the trial (dwell time across three successive time segments): participants with high social anxiety were slower in disengaging their attention from happy faces. Similar results were obtained using a full-sample, regression-based analysis. Conclusion: Our results speak in favour of a maintenance bias in social anxiety. Preliminary results indicated that personality structure may not affect the maintenance (dynamic) bias of socially anxious individuals, although depressive personality structures may favour manifestations of a (static) hypervigilance bias.
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Ramos Gameiro R, Kaspar K, König SU, Nordholt S, König P. Exploration and Exploitation in Natural Viewing Behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2311. [PMID: 28536434 PMCID: PMC5442137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eye-tracking studies investigate visual behavior with a focus on image features and the semantic content of a scene. A wealth of results on these aspects is available, and our understanding of the decision process where to look has reached a mature stage. However, the temporal aspect, whether to stay and further scrutinize a region (exploitation) or to move on and explore image regions that were yet not in the focus of attention (exploration) is less well understood. Here, we investigate the trade-off between these two processes across stimuli with varying properties and sizes. In a free viewing task, we examined gaze parameters in humans, involving the central tendency, entropy, saccadic amplitudes, number of fixations and duration of fixations. The results revealed that the central tendency and entropy scaled with stimulus size. The mean saccadic amplitudes showed a linear increase that originated from an interaction between the distribution of saccades and the spatial bias. Further, larger images led to spatially more extensive sampling as indicated by a higher number of fixations at the expense of reduced fixation durations. These results demonstrate a profound shift from exploitation to exploration as an adaptation of main gaze parameters with increasing image size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Kaspar
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Social and Media Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Sabine U König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sontje Nordholt
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Eppendorf, Germany
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38
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Al-Samarraie H, Eldenfria A, Dawoud H. The impact of personality traits on users’ information-seeking behavior. Inf Process Manag 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Towards Engagement Models that Consider Individual Factors in HRI: On the Relation of Extroversion and Negative Attitude Towards Robots to Gaze and Speech During a Human–Robot Assembly Task. Int J Soc Robot 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-016-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Hahn S, Buttaccio DR, Hahn J, Lee T. Rapid Communication: Personality and attention: Levels of neuroticism and extraversion can predict attentional performance during a change detection task. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:1041-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1032986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that levels of extraversion and neuroticism can predict attentional performance during a change detection task. After completing a change detection task built on the flicker paradigm, participants were assessed for personality traits using the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ–R). Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of extraversion predict increased change detection accuracies, while higher levels of neuroticism predict decreased change detection accuracies. In addition, neurotic individuals exhibited decreased sensitivity A′ and increased fixation dwell times. Hierarchical regression analyses further revealed that eye movement measures mediate the relationship between neuroticism and change detection accuracies. Based on the current results, we propose that neuroticism is associated with decreased attentional control over the visual field, presumably due to decreased attentional disengagement. Extraversion can predict increased attentional performance, but the effect is smaller than the relationship between neuroticism and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowon Hahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Jungwon Hahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Taehun Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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41
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Köster M, Rüth M, Hamborg KC, Kaspar K. Effects of Personalized Banner Ads on Visual Attention and Recognition Memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- Institute of Psychology; University of Osnabrück; Germany
- Center for Cognitive Science; Technical University of Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | - Marco Rüth
- Institute of Cognitive Science; University of Osnabrück; Germany
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
| | | | - Kai Kaspar
- Social and Media Psychology, Department of Psychology; University of Cologne; Germany
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Zugal S, Pinggera J. Low–Cost Eye–Trackers: Useful for Information Systems Research? LECTURE NOTES IN BUSINESS INFORMATION PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07869-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Investigating the Process of Process Modeling with Eye Movement Analysis. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT WORKSHOPS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36285-9_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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What Guides Visual Overt Attention under Natural Conditions? Past and Future Research. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 2013:868491. [PMID: 24959568 PMCID: PMC4045567 DOI: 10.1155/2013/868491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, overt attention under natural conditions became a prominent topic in neuroscientific and psychological research. In this context, one central question is “what guides the direction of gaze on complex visual scenes?” In the present review recent research on bottom-up influences on overt attention is presented first. Against this background, strengths and limitations of the bottom-up approach are discussed and future directions in this field are outlined. In addition to that, the current scope on top-down factors in visual attention is enlarged by discussing the impact of emotions and motivational tendencies on viewing behavior. Overall, this review highlights how behavioral and neurophysiological research on overt attention can benefit from a broader scope on influential factors in visual attention.
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