234U/238U activity ratios in groundwaters from two aquifers in Saudi Arabia, and correlation with water chemistry

Elemental and statistical analysis of small individual urinary stones using TXRF spectrometry

Due to the small quantity of most of the extracted human urinary stone samples, there is an urgent need for an analytical technique that is able to perform a multi‐elemental quantitative analysis for a small fraction of these samples. In the present work, a few milligrams of different types of urinary stones were microwave digested in ultra‐pure nitric acid, and the elemental determination was achieved by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF). The elements P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Sr were detected in most of the different stones. However, the trace elements: K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, Pb, and U were also found in a certain number of samples. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) was used and the elements Mg, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd were determined. A good agreement between the results of TXRF and ICP‐OES was obtained with respect to the elements Ti, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Cadmium and magnesium were only determined by ICP‐OES. More attention was given to the existence and the spectral interference of As‐Kα and Pb‐Lα as well as As‐Kβ and Br‐Kα in a limited number of urinary stones. Based on the analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis, an additional statistical analysis study was performed in terms of quantified elements and the types of urinary stones. Calcium has a remarkable positive correction with Ni, Zn, and P, whereas a negative correlation was found with K, S, and Cu. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, the square Euclidean showed four main groups of urinary stones starting with high to trace amounts of calcium oxalate. Furthermore, the squared Euclidean showed further subgroups of the urinary stones. The role of certain elements in terms of forming or inhabiting the urinary stone formation was discussed. Uranium was determined in a limited number of urinary stones using TXRF and ICP‐OES. The origin of the uranium may be the drinking and groundwater. Uranium could be accumulated in the urinary stones from these sources. In addition, the divalent uranium compounds can deposit on the surface of hydroxyapatite crystal, which is one of the main compounds in the urinary stones.

Uranium isotopes in groundwater in Ho Chi Minh City and related issues: Health risks, environmental effects, and mitigation methods

Groundwater is regularly used for many purposes, such as drinking and agricultural irrigation systems. Still, it contains high levels of radionuclides (e.g., ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ²²⁶Ra) that are potentially hazardous to humans and the environment. In this study, activity concentrations of uranium isotopes were analyzed in 15 groundwater samples taken from 15 bored wells in Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Environmental effects of the irrigation system with groundwater on agricultural soil in the study area were assessed by models. It was found that the activity concentrations of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U in groundwater samples were in the ranges of (13.5-268.7) mBq l^-1 and (20.2-438.3) mBq l^-1, respectively. The ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U values were ranged from 1.12 to 2, with an average value of 1.44. Based on the model prediction, 25 years irrigation with the groundwater can inject 94.8 Bq both uranium isotopes in 1 kg topsoil. For investigated groundwater samples, the proposed removal method using K₂FeO₄ removed 74.28% and 81.04% for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively.