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Bernat-Adell MD, Collado-Boira EJ, Moles-Julio P, Panizo-González N, Martínez-Navarro I, Hernando-Fuster B, Hernando-Domingo C. Recovery of Inflammation, Cardiac, and Muscle Damage Biomarkers After Running a Marathon. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:626-632. [PMID: 31045685 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bernat-Adell, MD, Collado-Boira, EJ, Moles-Julio, P, Panizo-González, N, Martínez-Navarro, I, Hernando-Fuster, B, and Hernando-Domingo, C. Recovery of inflammation, cardiac and muscle damage biomarkers after running a marathon. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 626-632, 2021-Physical endurance sports conditions the increase of blood biomarkers responsible for the acute inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to observe the impact of intense physical exercise on these biomarkers and detect their recovery pattern. This is an experimental study of repeated measures (pre-post marathon). The biomarkers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TNT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed in a total of 86 runners, 24 hours before the marathon, immediately after finishing the race and at 24, 48, 96, and 144 postrace hours. The comparative analyses were performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. The correlations between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using Spearman correlations. The data were processed through the IBM SPSS package, version 23. Significant value was p ≤ 0.05. The LDH increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) for all times, compared with the initial LDH value, normalizing after 192 hours (p = 0.667) (effect size [ES], r = 0.807). The CK increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) (ES, r = 0.975) up to 96 hours afterward, normalizing after 144 hours. The hs-TNT presented an increase and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the pre-post race times, 24 and 48 hours, normalizing after 96 hours, although it showed a new significant value at 192 hours (p ≤ 0.001) (ES, r = 0.519). The CRP increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the pre-post race times, at 24, 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours after race. The recovery after alterations produced by the marathon varies according to the biomarker. Blood levels of biomarkers decrease with longer race times. Greater energy expenditure increases the blood levels of LDH, CK, and hs-TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Martínez-Navarro
- Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital Vithas 9 de Octubre Valencia, University of Valencia
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Nolan WP, Moore AR. Run-walk marathon pacing: the energy cost of frequent walk breaks. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1862493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R. Moore
- Department of Kinesiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Döbel T, Stöbe S, Marshall RP, Hepp P, Fikenzer S, Fikenzer K, Tautenhahn S, Laufs U, Hagendorff A. Possible new options and benefits to detect myocarditis, right ventricular remodeling and coronary anomalies by echocardiography in systematic preparticipation screening of athletes. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:1855-1885. [PMID: 32462448 PMCID: PMC7497512 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exclusion of cardiac abnormalities should be performed at the beginning of the athlete's career. Myocarditis, right ventricular remodeling and coronary anomalies are well-known causes of life-threatening events of athletes, major cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac death. The feasibility of an extended comprehensive echocardiographic protocol for the detection of structural cardiac abnormalities in athletes should be tested. This standardized protocol of transthoracic echocardiography includes two- and three-dimensional imaging, tissue Doppler imaging, and coronary artery scanning. Post processing was performed for deformation analysis of all compounds including layer strain. During 2017 and 2018, the feasibility of successful image acquisition and post processing analysis was retrospectively analyzed in 54 male elite athletes. In addition, noticeable findings inside the analyzed cohort are described. The extended image acquisition and data analyzing was feasible from 74 to 100%, depending on the used modalities. One case of myocarditis was detected in the present cohort. Coronary anomalies were not found. Right ventricular size and function were within normal ranges. Isovolumetric right ventricular relaxation time showed significant regional differences. One case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and two subjects with bicuspid aortic valves were found. Due to the excessive cardiac stress in highly competitive sports, high-quality and precise screening modalities are necessary, especially with respect to acquired cardiac diseases like acute myocarditis and pathological changes of left ventricular and RV geometry. The documented feasibility of the proposed extended protocol underlines the suitability to detect distinct morphological and functional cardiac alterations and documents the potential added value of a comprehensive echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Döbel
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Stöbe
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | | | - Pierre Hepp
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Sven Fikenzer
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Kati Fikenzer
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Sandra Tautenhahn
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hagendorff
- University Hospital Leipzig Department for Internal Medicine Neurology and Dermatology, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
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Boullosa D, Esteve-Lanao J, Casado A, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Gomes da Rosa R, Del Coso J. Factors Affecting Training and Physical Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030035. [PMID: 32183425 PMCID: PMC7183043 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance running has become an immensely popular sporting activity, with millions of recreational runners around the world. Despite the great popularity of endurance running as a recreational activity during leisure time, there is no consensus on the best practice for recreational runners to effectively train to reach their individual objectives and improve physical performance in a healthy manner. Moreover, there are lots of anecdotal data without scientific support, while most scientific evidence on endurance running was developed from studies observing both recreational and professional athletes of different levels. Further, the transference of all this information to only recreational runners is difficult due to differences in the genetic predisposition for endurance running, the time available for training, and physical, psychological, and physiological characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present a selection of scientific evidence regarding endurance running to provide training guidelines to be used by recreational runners and their coaches. The review will focus on some key aspects of the training process, such as periodization, training methods and monitoring, performance prediction, running technique, and prevention and management of injuries associated with endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-619-8250-2545
| | | | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I de Castilla International University, Burgos, 09003 Castilla y León, Spain;
| | - Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
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Hohl R, Nazário de Rezende F, Millet GY, Ribeiro da Mota G, Marocolo M. Blood cardiac biomarkers responses are associated with 24 h ultramarathon performance. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01913. [PMID: 31338451 PMCID: PMC6607063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical significance of cardiac biomarkers response in ultra-endurance runners are not completely elucidated because events vary in distance/duration and competitors modulate running intensity according to individual running capacity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-selected exercise intensity with cardiac biomarkers comparing experienced (EXP, N = 11) and novice (NOV, N = 14) runners able to finish a 24h ultramarathon (24UM) with significant differences in performance. Methods Cardiac biomarkers (i.e. CKMB/totalCK, cTnT and NT-proBNP), inflammatory markers (i.e. leukocytes and CRP) and cortisol were analyzed before and after a 24UM. Results EXP finished the race with significant (p < 0.05) longer distance than NOV (158.8 ± 15.8 vs 116.8 ± 10.3 Km). Two-way mixed ANOVA showed significant time × performance level interaction with greater increase of cTnT (F(1,23) = 6.18, p = 0.021), NT-proBNP (F(1,23) = 9.27, p = 0.006) and cortisol (F(1, 23) = 5.13, p = 0.03) in the EXP group. CKMB/totalCK (F(1, 23) = 71.90, p < 0.0001) decreased while leukocytes (F(1, 23) = 100.06, p < 0.0001) and CRP (F(1, 23) = 93.37, p < 0.0001) increased in both groups (main effect of time). Correlations were found between 24UM distance and cortisol (r = 0.58; p = 0.002), CKMB (r = 0.47; p = 0.017), cTnT (r = 0.44; p = 0.027) or NT-proBNP (r = 0.56; p = 0.003). Cortisol and NT-proBNP were also significantly correlated (r = 0.51; p = 0.01). Conclusions Although there is no clear evidence of cardiac risk when comparing cardiac biomarkers levels with clinical cut-off values, cardiac biomarkers are associated with running performance and pituitary-adrenocortical system response. In EXP runners, higher levels of cardiac biomarkers and cortisol suggest a more hemodynamically challenged heart during prolonged endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, LIBM, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
Pacing strategies in marathon runners have previously been examined, especially with regard to age and performance level separately. However, less information about the age × performance interaction on pacing in age-group runners exists. The aim of the present study was to examine whether runners with similar race time and at different age differ for pacing. Data (women, n=117,595; men, n=180,487) from the “New York City Marathon” between 2006 and 2016 were analyzed. A between–within subjects analysis of variance showed a large main effect of split on race speed (p<0.001, η2=0.538) with the fastest speed in the 5–10 km split and the slowest in the 35–40 km. A small sex × split interaction on race speed was found (p<0.001, η2=0.035) with men showing larger increase in speed at 5 km and women at 25 km and 40 km (end spurt). An age-group × performance group interaction on Δspeed was shown for both sexes at 5 km, 10 km, 15 km, 20 km, 25 km, 30 km, 35 km, and 40 km (p<0.001, 0.001≤η2≤0.004), where athletes in older age-groups presented a relatively more even pace compared with athletes in younger age-groups, a trend that was more remarkable in the relatively slow performance groups. So far, the present study is the first one to observe an age × performance interaction on pacing; ie, older runners pace differently (smaller changes) than younger runners with similar race time. These findings are of great practical interest for coaches working with marathon runners of different age, but similar race time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, St. Gallen.,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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