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Casimiro‐Soriguer CS, Perez‐Florido J, Lara M, Camacho‐Martinez P, Merino‐Diaz L, Pupo‐Ledo I, de Salazar A, Fuentes A, Viñuela L, Chueca N, Martinez‐Martinez L, Lorusso N, Lepe JA, Dopazo J, Garcia F. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the monkeypox outbreak in the South of Spain. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1965. [PMID: 38524774 PMCID: PMC10957719 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Until the May 2022 Monkeypox (MPXV) outbreak, which spread rapidly to many non-endemic countries, the virus was considered a viral zoonosis limited to some African countries. The Andalusian circuit of genomic surveillance was rapidly applied to characterize the MPXV outbreak in the South of Spain. Methods Whole genome sequencing was used to obtain the genomic profiles of samples collected across the south of Spain, representative of all the provinces of Andalusia. Phylogenetic analysis was used to study the relationship of the isolates and the available sequences of the 2022 outbreak. Results Whole genome sequencing of a total of 160 MPXV viruses from the different provinces that reported cases were obtained. Interestingly, we report the sequences of MPXV viruses obtained from two patients who died. While one of the isolates bore no noteworthy mutations that explain a potential heightened virulence, in another patient the second consecutive genome sequence, performed after the administration of tecovirimat, uncovered a mutation within the A0A7H0DN30 gene, known to be a prime target for tecovirimat in its Vaccinia counterpart. In general, a low number of mutations were observed in the sequences reported, which were very similar to the reference of the 2022 outbreak (OX044336), as expected from a DNA virus. The samples likely correspond to several introductions of the circulating MPXV viruses from the last outbreak. The virus sequenced from one of the two patients that died presented a mutation in a gene that bears potential connections to drug resistance. This mutation was absent in the initial sequencing before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Casimiro‐Soriguer
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Javier Perez‐Florido
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Maria Lara
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
| | - Pedro Camacho‐Martinez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Laura Merino‐Diaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Pupo‐Ledo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Adolfo de Salazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Ana Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Laura Viñuela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
| | - Natalia Chueca
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Luis Martinez‐Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Unit of Microbiology, University Hospital Reina SofiaCordobaSpain
- Departamento de Química AgrícolaEdafología y Microbiología, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)CórdobaSpain
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaSevillaSpain
| | - Jose A. Lepe
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
- FPS/ELIXIR‐ES, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
| | - Federico Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
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Saied AA, Chandran D, Chakraborty S, Emran TB, Dhama K. Mpox and healthcare workers — a minireview of our present knowledge. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 35:46. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-023-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Workers in the healthcare industry form the backbone of health systems everywhere. In the face of global health crises like the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, healthcare workers like doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, paramedics, administrators, support staff, laboratory technicians, and community health workers all play crucial roles in providing care and containing the spread of the disease.
Aim
Therefore, in the wake of concerns about mpox recurrence, we seek to shed light on the occupational transmission of mpox infection and the possible risk to healthcare personnel.
Results
Contamination of the environment of the household of cases of mpox and environment of the patient care units with the viral DNA has been reported besides asymptomatic cases and detection of viral DNA in air samples; therefore, more research on non-lesion-based testing for human mpox infection for screening asymptomatic people, particularly among populations at high risk of infection, in the event of asymptomatic transmission and potential transmission via aerosols is necessary. Monitoring efforts can be aided by incorporating mpox testing into locations where people are more likely to contract illnesses and seek medical attention. We must take a precautionary infection control approach to control the spread of the virus while completing urgent research to understand better the human-to-human mpox transmission process.
Conclusions
In this minireview, we discuss the potential routes of mpox transmission to healthcare and preventative strategies and measures that should be taken and considered.
Graphical Abstract
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109364. [PMID: 36283221 PMCID: PMC9598838 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox; however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox-like infections in humans. The situation is alarming; PXV outbreaks have been involving both endemic and non-endemic areas in recent decades. Stopped smallpox vaccination is a reason offered mainly for this changing epidemiology that implies the protective role of immunity in the pathology of PXV infections. The immune system recognizes PXVs and elicits responses, but PXVs can antagonize these responses. Here, we briefly review the immunology of PXV infections, with emphasis on the role of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the early response to PXV infections and PXVs’ strategies influencing these responses, as well as taking a glance at other immune cells, which discussion over them mainly occurs in association with PXV immunization rather than PXV infection. Throughout the review, numerous evasion mechanisms are highlighted, which might have implications for designing specific immunotherapies for PXV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34890310 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Genetic and functional studies have revealed ORFV has multiple immunomodulatory genes that manipulate innate immune responses, during the early stage of infection. ORF116 is a novel gene of ORFV with hitherto unknown function. Characterization of an ORF116 deletion mutant showed that it replicated in primary lamb testis cells with reduced levels compared to the wild-type and produced a smaller plaque phenotype. ORF116 was shown to be expressed prior to DNA replication. The potential function of ORF116 was investigated by gene-expression microarray analysis in HeLa cells infected with wild-type ORFV or the ORF116 deletion mutant. The analysis of differential cellular gene expression revealed a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) differentially expressed at either 4 or 6 h post infection. IFI44 showed the greatest differential expression (4.17-fold) between wild-type and knockout virus. Other ISGs that were upregulated in the knockout included RIG-I, IFIT2, MDA5, OAS1, OASL, DDX60, ISG20 and IFIT1 and in addition the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. These findings were validated by infecting HeLa cells with an ORF116 revertant recombinant virus and analysis of transcript expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). These observations suggested a role for the ORFV gene ORF116 in modulating the IFN response and inflammatory cytokines. This study represents the first functional analysis of ORF116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Azar DF, Haas M, Fedosyuk S, Rahaman MH, Hedger A, Kobe B, Skern T. Vaccinia Virus Immunomodulator A46: Destructive Interactions with MAL and MyD88 Shown by Negative-Stain Electron Microscopy. Structure 2020; 28:1271-1287.e5. [PMID: 33035450 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus A46 is an anti-inflammatory and non-anti-apoptotic, two-domain member of the poxviral Bcl-2-like protein family that inhibits the cellular innate immune response at the level of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing TLR adaptor proteins MAL, MyD88, TRAM, and TRIF. The mechanism of interaction of A46 with its targets has remained unclear. The TIR domains of MAL and MyD88 have been shown to signal by forming filamentous assemblies. We show a clear concentration-dependent destruction of both of these assemblies by A46 by means of negative-stain electron microscopy from molar ratios of 1:15 for MAL and 1:30 for MyD88. Using targeted mutagenesis and protein-protein crosslinking, we show that A46 interacts with MAL and MyD88 through several facets, including residues on helices α1 and α7 and the C-terminal flexible region. We propose a model in which A46 targets the MAL and MyD88 signalosome intra-strand interfaces and gradually destroys their assemblies in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Azar
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meryl Haas
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Md Habibur Rahaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew Hedger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Skern
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Fedosyuk S, Bezerra GA, Radakovics K, Smith TK, Sammito M, Bobik N, Round A, Ten Eyck LF, Djinović-Carugo K, Usón I, Skern T. Vaccinia Virus Immunomodulator A46: A Lipid and Protein-Binding Scaffold for Sequestering Host TIR-Domain Proteins. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006079. [PMID: 27973613 PMCID: PMC5156371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus interferes with early events of the activation pathway of the transcriptional factor NF-kB by binding to numerous host TIR-domain containing adaptor proteins. We have previously determined the X-ray structure of the A46 C-terminal domain; however, the structure and function of the A46 N-terminal domain and its relationship to the C-terminal domain have remained unclear. Here, we biophysically characterize residues 1–83 of the N-terminal domain of A46 and present the X-ray structure at 1.55 Å. Crystallographic phases were obtained by a recently developed ab initio method entitled ARCIMBOLDO_BORGES that employs tertiary structure libraries extracted from the Protein Data Bank; data analysis revealed an all β-sheet structure. This is the first such structure solved by this method which should be applicable to any protein composed entirely of β-sheets. The A46(1–83) structure itself is a β-sandwich containing a co-purified molecule of myristic acid inside a hydrophobic pocket and represents a previously unknown lipid-binding fold. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of long-chain fatty acids in both N-terminal and full-length A46; mutation of the hydrophobic pocket reduced the lipid content. Using a combination of high resolution X-ray structures of the N- and C-terminal domains and SAXS analysis of full-length protein A46(1–240), we present here a structural model of A46 in a tetrameric assembly. Integrating affinity measurements and structural data, we propose how A46 simultaneously interferes with several TIR-domain containing proteins to inhibit NF-κB activation and postulate that A46 employs a bipartite binding arrangement to sequester the host immune adaptors TRAM and MyD88. Viruses possess mechanisms to interfere with the host immune system to enhance their replication. Vaccinia virus, the viral vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, synthesizes many such proteins. The vaccinia virus protein A46 is one of a series of proteins preventing expression of host proteins that induce an anti-viral state. A46 acts early to inhibit anti-viral state induction by specifically binding to certain host adapter proteins such as MyD88 and TRAM. Here, we extend our knowledge of the A46 structure by determining the structure of the protein's N-terminal domain to be an unusual lipid binding fold. In addition, the full-length A46 molecule has a novel quaternary structure that can both bind proteins and lipids, indicating that A46 uses a variety of interactions to sequester host proteins, thus impairing the activation of the anti-viral state and improving the efficiency of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustavo Arruda Bezerra
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Radakovics
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Sammito
- Structural Biology, IBMB-CSIC, Baldiri Reixach, 13–15, Barcelona, Spain
- Georg August University of Göttingen, Department of Structural Chemistry, Tammannstr. 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Bobik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adam Round
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS, Grenoble, France
- European XFEL GmbH, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lynn F. Ten Eyck
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dept. of Structural and Computational Biology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabel Usón
- Structural Biology, IBMB-CSIC, Baldiri Reixach, 13–15, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim Skern
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Fedosyuk S, Grishkovskaya I, de Almeida Ribeiro E, Skern T. Characterization and structure of the vaccinia virus NF-κB antagonist A46. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:3749-62. [PMID: 24356965 PMCID: PMC3916572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccinia virus (VACV) replication in the host requires expression of viral proteins that interfere with host immunity, such as antagonists of the activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Two such VACV proteins are A46 and A52. A46 interacts with the Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1R (TIR) domain of Toll-like receptors and intracellular adaptors such as MAL (MyD88 adapter-like), TRAM (TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-related adaptor molecule), TRIF, and MyD88, whereas A52 binds to the downstream signaling components TRAF6 and IRAK2. Here, we characterize A46 biochemically, determine by microscale thermophoresis binding constants for the interaction of A46 with the TIR domains of MyD88 and MAL, and present the 2.0 Å resolution crystal structure of A46 residues 87-229. Full-length A46 behaves as a tetramer; variants lacking the N-terminal 80 residues are dimeric. Nevertheless, both bind to the Toll-like receptor domains of MAL and MyD88 with KD values in the low μm range. Like A52, A46 also shows a Bcl-2-like fold but with biologically relevant differences from that of A52. Thus, A46 uses helices α4 and α6 to dimerize, compared with the α1-α6 face used by A52 and other Bcl-2 like VACV proteins. Furthermore, the loop between A46 helices α4-α5 is flexible and shorter than in A52; there is also evidence for an intramolecular disulfide bridge between consecutive cysteine residues. We used molecular docking to propose how A46 interacts with the BB loop of the TRAM TIR domain. Comparisons of A46 and A52 exemplify how subtle changes in viral proteins with the same fold lead to crucial differences in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Fedosyuk
- From the Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Irina Grishkovskaya
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Euripedes de Almeida Ribeiro
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Skern
- From the Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria and
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