1
|
Vittori M. Structural diversity of crustacean exoskeletons and its implications for biomimetics. Interface Focus 2024; 14:20230075. [PMID: 38618234 PMCID: PMC11008965 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The crustacean cuticle is a biological composite material consisting of chitin-protein fibres in a mineralized matrix. Recent research has revealed a surprising range of fibre architectures and mineral compositions of crustacean skeletal structures adapted to various mechanical demands. It is becoming increasingly clear that the organic fibres in the cuticle may be organized in patterns differing from the standard twisted plywood model. Observed fibre architectures in protruding skeletal structures include longitudinal and circular parallel fibre arrays. Skeletal minerals often include calcium phosphates in addition to calcium carbonates. Furthermore, skeletal properties are affected by protein cross-linking, which replaces mineralization as a stiffening mechanism in some structures. Several common structural motifs, such as the stiffening of the outer skeletal layers, the incorporation of non-mineralized cuticle in exposed structures, and interchanging layers of parallel fibres and the twisted plywood structure, can be identified in skeletal elements with similar functions. These evolutionary solutions have the potential for biomimetic applications, particularly as manufacturing technologies advance. To make use of this potential, we need to understand the processes behind the formation of the crustacean exoskeleton and determine which features are truly adaptive and worth mimicking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Vittori
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamagata N, Randall G, Lavoie E, Arola D, Wang J. Microstructure, mechanical properties and elemental composition of the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare cuticle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 132:105299. [PMID: 35671667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The exoskeletons of crustaceans are essential for providing protection from predators and other environmental threats. Understanding the structure and mechanical behavior of their natural armor could inspire the design of lightweight and high toughness synthetic materials. Most published work has focused on marine crustacea rather than their terrestrial counterparts, which are exposed to a multitude of unique threats. The interest in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (A. vulgare) has grown but the interrelationship between the microstructure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties has not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, this study aims to elucidate missing details concerning this biological mineralized composite. Exoskeleton specimens were fixated to preserve the intrinsic protein structure. We utilize scanning electron microscopy for microstructure analysis, Raman spectroscopy for elemental analysis, and nanoindentation property mapping to achieve mechanical characterization. The naturally fractured A. vulgare exoskeleton cross-section reveals four subregions with the repeating helicoidal 'Bouligand' arrangement most prominent in the endocuticle. The hardness and reduced modulus distributions exhibit a through-thickness exponential gradient with decreasing magnitudes from the outermost to the innermost layers of the exoskeleton. The Raman spectra show a graded spatial distribution of key constituents such as calcium carbonate across the thickness, some of which are consistent with the mechanical property gradient. Potential microstructure, elemental composition, and mechanical property relationships are discussed to explain how the hierarchical structure of this nanolaminate armor protects this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yamagata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gillian Randall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ellen Lavoie
- Molecular Analysis Facility (MAF), MolES, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Junlan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nutz B, Rupp U, Walther P, Ziegler A. The epidermis cells of mandible teeth in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber: Differentiations for mineralisation with calcium phosphate and carbonate. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101101. [PMID: 34500136 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the mineralisation of the crustacean cuticle occurs when the cuticle has expanded after moulting. However, in the partes incisivae of Porcellio scaber, cuticle mineralisation with calcium phosphate already occurs before the moult. We investigated the ultrastructure and distribution of organelles within the epidermis cells and searched for calcium-containing organelles using EDX and EFTEM analysis. We found two different cell types. Calcium carbonate-secreting C-cells, which resemble the epithelial cells of the general integument, and the P-cells, which, as an unusual feature, have cell extensions up to 400 μm long. During secretion of the partes incisivae, these extensions end at the unmineralised tip and the phosphate-containing middle region. Their cell bodies contain most of the mitochondria located in basal folds and a high amount of endoplasmic reticulum. The cell extensions contain many microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, large and small vesicles and densely stained rod-shaped cisternae. The rod-shaped cisternae and the endoplasmic reticulum contain calcium. During cuticle mineralisation, vesicles, which probably belong to the endo-lysosomal system, contain calcium and phosphorus. They occur at some distance and close to the cuticle. The mineral in these vesicles has a similar composition to that within the cuticle, suggesting that they play a role in cuticle mineralisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Nutz
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seidl B, Reisecker C, Neues F, Campanaro A, Epple M, Hild S, Ziegler A. The dorsal tergite cuticle of Helleria brevicornis: Ultrastructure, mineral distribution, calcite microstructure and texture. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2021; 5:100051. [PMID: 34337383 PMCID: PMC8313847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the terrestrial Crustacea, isopods have most successfully established themselves in a large variety of terrestrial habitats. As in most Crustacea, their cuticle consists of a hierarchically organised organic phase of chitin-protein fibrils, containing calcium carbonate and some calcium phosphate. In previous studies, we examined the tergite cuticle of Tylos europaeus, which lives on seashores and burrows into moist sand. In this study, we investigate the closely related species Helleria brevicornis, which is completely terrestrial and lives in leaf litter and humus and burrows into the soil. To get deeper insights in relation between the structure of the organic and mineral phase in species living in diverse habitats, we have investigated the structure, and the chemical and crystallographic properties of the tergite cuticle using various preparation techniques, and microscopic and analytical methods. The results reveal long and short epicuticular sensilla with brushed tips on the tergite surface that do not occur in T. europaeus. As in T. europaeus a distal exocuticle, which contains a low number of organic fibres, contains calcite while the subjacent layers of the exo- and endocuticle contain amorphous calcium carbonate. The distal exocuticle contains a polygonal pattern of mineral initiation sites that correspond to interprismatic septa described for decapod crabs. The shape and position of calcite units do not follow the polygonal pattern of the septa. The results indicate that the calcite units form by crystallisation from an amorphous phase that progresses from both margins of the septa to the centres of the polygons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seidl
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Department of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117Essen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Campanaro
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, I-50125 Cascine del Riccio, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias Epple
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Department of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vittori M. Structure of a hinge joint with textured sliding surfaces in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:7. [PMID: 33975647 PMCID: PMC8114531 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of joints in terrestrial arthropods can provide insights into the evolutionary optimization of contacting surfaces that slide without lubrication. This work reports on the structure of the joint between the propodus and the dactylus in terrestrial isopods, the most successful group of crustaceans on land, focusing on the woodlouse Porcellio scaber. METHODS The joints were studied using fluorescence microscopy, 3D reconstruction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained results were functionally interpreted using high-speed video recordings by analyzing the use of the joint during locomotion. RESULTS In the joint, which allows the dactylus to move in a single plain, a semicircular process on the propodus fits into a groove on the dactylus and guides its movement. The sliding surfaces of the propodal process are textured in the form of parallel epicuticular ridges a few hundred nanometers thick. This texturing is selective: while the less heavily loaded surfaces are textured, the surfaces that support the isopod during standing and walking are smooth. In contrast, the groove on the dactylus is completely smooth. We found a similar surface texture in several other species of terrestrial isopods and one aquatic isopod. CONCLUSIONS The selective texturing of the joint may reduce wear by eliminating small particles. This effect of the ridges was confirmed using electron microscopy. The absence of ridges on heavily loaded surfaces may enhance the dissipation of forces in these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Vittori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ernst F, Fabritius HO, Griesshaber E, Reisecker C, Neues F, Epple M, Schmahl WW, Hild S, Ziegler A. Functional adaptations in the tergite cuticle of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri (Milne-Edwards, 1840). J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107570. [PMID: 32650132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To survive in its extreme habitat, the cuticle of the burrowing desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri requires properties distinct from isopods living in moist or mesic habitats. In particular, the anterior tergites are exposed to high mechanical loads and temperatures when individuals guard the entrance of their burrow. We have, therefore, investigated the architecture, composition, calcite texture and local mechanical properties of the tergite cuticle, with particular emphasis on large anterior cuticle tubercles and differences between the anterior and posterior tergite. Unexpectedly, structure and thickness of the epicuticle resemble those in mesic isopod species. The anterior tergite has a thicker endocuticle and a higher local stiffness than the posterior tergite. Calcite distribution in the cuticle is unusual, because in addition to the exocuticle the endocuticle distally also contains calcite. The calcite consists of a distal layer of dense and highly co-oriented crystal-units, followed proximally by irregularly distributed and, with respect to each other, misoriented calcite crystallites. The calcite layer at the tip of the tubercle is thicker relative to the tubercle slopes, and its crystallites are more misoriented to each other. A steep decrease of local stiffness and hardness is observed within a distal region of the cuticle, likely caused by a successive increase in the ACC/calcite ratio rather than changes in the degree of mineralisation. Comparison of the results with other isopods reveals a much lower ACC/calcite ratio in H. reaumuri and a correlation between the degree of terrestriality of isopod species and the magnesium content of the cuticle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ernst
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Bionics and Materials Development, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mechanics of Arthropod Cuticle-Versatility by Structural and Compositional Variation. ARCHITECTURED MATERIALS IN NATURE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Seidl BH, Griesshaber E, Fabritius HO, Reisecker C, Hild S, Taiti S, Schmahl WW, Ziegler A. Tailored disorder in calcite organization in tergite cuticle of the supralittoral isopod Tylos europaeus Arcangeli, 1938. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:464-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Rajh E, Soderžnik KŽ, Čeh M, Štrus J. Cuticle matrix imaging by histochemistry, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. RESOLUTION AND DISCOVERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1556/2051.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Rajh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Žagar Soderžnik
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Čeh
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bergmann P, Richter S, Glöckner N, Betz O. Morphology of hindwing veins in the shield bug Graphosoma italicum (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:375-390. [PMID: 29684555 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy were applied to cross sections and -breakage and whole-mount preparations of the anterior hindwing vein of the shield bug Graphosoma italicum. These analyses were complemented by investigations of the basal part of the forewing Corium and Clavus. The integration of structural, histological, and fluorescence data revealed a complex arrangement of both rigid and elastic structures in the wall of wing veins and provided insights into the constitution of transition zones between rigid and elastic regions. Beneath the exocuticular layers, which are continuous with the dorsal and ventral cuticle of the wing membrane, the lumen of the veins is encompassed by a mesocuticular layer, an internal circular exocuticular layer, and an internal longitudinal endocuticular layer. Separate parallel lumina within the anterior longitudinal vein of the hindwing, arranged side-by-side rostro-caudally, suggest that several veins have fused in the phylogenetic context of vein reduction in the pentatomid hindwing. Gradual structural transition zones and resilin enrichment between sclerotized layers of the vein wall and along the edges of the claval furrow are interpreted as mechanical adaptations to enhance the reliability and durability of the mechanically stressed wing veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paavo Bergmann
- Electron Microscopy Center, Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany; Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Richter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Betz
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cuticular differences of the exoskeleton relative to habitat preferences among three terrestrial isopods. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Ziegler A, Neues F, Janáček J, Beckmann F, Epple M. Mineral in skeletal elements of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber: SRμCT of function related distribution and changes during the moult cycle. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:63-76. [PMID: 27288588 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods moult first the posterior and then the anterior half of the body, allowing for storage and recycling of CaCO3. We used synchrotron-radiation microtomography to estimate mineral content within skeletal segments in sequential moulting stages of Porcellio scaber. The results suggest that all examined cuticular segments contribute to storage and recycling, however, to varying extents. The mineral within the hepatopancreas after moult suggests an uptake of mineral from the ingested exuviae. The total maximum loss of mineral was 46% for the anterior and 43% for the posterior cuticle. The time course of resorption of mineral and mineralisation of the new cuticle suggests storage and recycling of mineral in the posterior and anterior cuticle. The mineral in the anterior pereiopods decreases by 25% only. P. scaber has long legs and can run fast; therefore, a less mineralised and thus lightweight cuticle in pereiopods likely serves to lower energy consumption during escape behaviour. Differential demineralisation occurs in the head cuticle, in which the cornea of the complex eyes remains completely mineralised. The partes incisivae of the mandibles are mineralised before the old cuticle is demineralised and shed. Probably, this enables the animal to ingest the old exuviae after each half moult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Felix Beckmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Materials Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fabritius HO, Ziegler A, Friák M, Nikolov S, Huber J, Seidl BHM, Ruangchai S, Alagboso FI, Karsten S, Lu J, Janus AM, Petrov M, Zhu LF, Hemzalová P, Hild S, Raabe D, Neugebauer J. Functional adaptation of crustacean exoskeletal elements through structural and compositional diversity: a combined experimental and theoretical study. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:055006. [PMID: 27609556 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/5/055006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The crustacean cuticle is a composite material that covers the whole animal and forms the continuous exoskeleton. Nano-fibers composed of chitin and protein molecules form most of the organic matrix of the cuticle that, at the macroscale, is organized in up to eight hierarchical levels. At least two of them, the exo- and endocuticle, contain a mineral phase of mainly Mg-calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate and phosphate. The high number of hierarchical levels and the compositional diversity provide a high degree of freedom for varying the physical, in particular mechanical, properties of the material. This makes the cuticle a versatile material ideally suited to form a variety of skeletal elements that are adapted to different functions and the eco-physiological strains of individual species. This review presents our recent analytical, experimental and theoretical studies on the cuticle, summarising at which hierarchical levels structure and composition are modified to achieve the required physical properties. We describe our multi-scale hierarchical modeling approach based on the results from these studies, aiming at systematically predicting the structure-composition-property relations of cuticle composites from the molecular level to the macro-scale. This modeling approach provides a tool to facilitate the development of optimized biomimetic materials within a knowledge-based design approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karagkouni M, Sfenthourakis S, Feldman A, Meiri S. Biogeography of body size in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karagkouni
- Faculty of Zoology; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment; University of Thessaly; Karditsa Greece
- University of Aegean; Mytilini Island Greece
| | | | - Anat Feldman
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Shai Meiri
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huber J, Griesshaber E, Nindiyasari F, Schmahl WW, Ziegler A. Functionalization of biomineral reinforcement in crustacean cuticle: Calcite orientation in the partes incisivae of the mandibles of Porcellio scaber and the supralittoral species Tylos europaeus (Oniscidea, Isopoda). J Struct Biol 2015; 190:173-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Function-related adaptations of ultrastructure, mineral phase distribution and mechanical properties in the incisive cuticle of mandibles of Porcellio scaber Latreille, 1804. J Struct Biol 2014; 188:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Mrak P, Znidaršič N, Zagar K, Ceh M, Strus J. Exoskeletal cuticle differentiation during intramarsupial development of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:423-439. [PMID: 25051210 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exoskeletal crustacean cuticle is a calcified apical extracellular matrix of epidermal cells, illustrating the chitin-based organic scaffold for biomineralization. Studies of cuticle formation during molting reveal significant dynamics and complexity of the assembly processes, while cuticle formation during embryogenesis is poorly investigated. This study reveals in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber, the ultrastructural organization of the differentiating precuticular matrices and exoskeletal cuticles during embryonic and larval intramarsupial development. The composition of the epidermal matrices was obtained by WGA lectin labelling and EDXS analysis. At least two precuticular matrices, consisting of loosely arranged material with overlying electron dense lamina, are secreted by the epidermis in the mid-stage embryo. The prehatching embryo is the earliest developmental stage with a cuticular matrix consisting of an epicuticle and a procuticle, displaying WGA binding and forming cuticular scales. In newly hatched marsupial larva manca, a new cuticle is formed and calcium sequestration in the cuticle is evident. Progression of larval development leads to the cuticle thickening, structural differentiation of cuticular layers and prominent cuticle calcification. Morphological characteristics of exoskeleton renewal in marsupial manca are described. Elaborated cuticle in marsupial larvae indicates the importance of the exoskeleton in protection and support of the larval body in the marsupium and during the release of larvae in the external environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nada Znidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Zagar
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Ceh
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Strus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ultrastructure and mineral composition of the cornea cuticle in the compound eyes of a supralittoral and a marine isopod. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:158-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|