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Sharafat RH, Saeed A. Ectonucleotidase inhibitors: targeting signaling pathways for therapeutic advancement-an in-depth review. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10031-0. [PMID: 38958821 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidase inhibitors are a family of pharmacological drugs that, by selectively targeting ectonucleotidases, are essential in altering purinergic signaling pathways. The hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides is carried out by these enzymes, which include ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Ectonucleotidase inhibitors can prevent the conversion of ATP and ADP into adenosine by blocking these enzymes and reduce extracellular adenosine. These molecules are essential for purinergic signaling, which is associated with a variability of physiological and pathological processes. By modifying extracellular nucleotide metabolism and improving purinergic signaling regulation, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) inhibitors have the potential to improve cancer treatment, inflammatory management, and immune response modulation. Purinergic signaling is affected by CD73 inhibitors because they prevent AMP from being converted to adenosine. These inhibitors are useful in cancer therapy and immunotherapy because they may improve chemotherapy effectiveness and alter immune responses. Purinergic signaling is controlled by NTPDase inhibitors, which specifically target enzymes involved in extracellular nucleotide breakdown. These inhibitors show promise in reducing immunological responses, thrombosis, and inflammation, perhaps assisting in the treatment of cardiovascular and autoimmune illnesses. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) inhibitors alter the function of enzymes involved in dephosphorylation reactions, which has an impact on a variety of biological processes. By altering the body's phosphate levels, these inhibitors may be used to treat diseases including hyperphosphatemia and certain bone problems. This article provides a guide for researchers and clinicians looking to leverage the remedial capability of ectonucleotidase inhibitors in a variety of illness scenarios by illuminating their processes, advantages, and difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Huzaifa Sharafat
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45321, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45321, Pakistan.
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2
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Noronha-Matos JB, Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Costa MA, Marinhas J, Freitas R, Lemos R, Vilaça A, Oliveira A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Correia-de-Sá P. Silencing NTPDase3 activity rehabilitates the osteogenic commitment of post-menopausal stem cell bone progenitors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 37076930 PMCID: PMC10116749 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenously released adenine and uracil nucleotides favour the osteogenic commitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) through the activation of ATP-sensitive P2X7 and UDP-sensitive P2Y6 receptors. Yet, these nucleotides have their osteogenic potential compromised in post-menopausal (Pm) women due to overexpression of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes, namely NTPDase3. This prompted us to investigate whether NTPDase3 gene silencing or inhibition of its enzymatic activity could rehabilitate the osteogenic potential of Pm BM-MSCs. METHODS MSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of Pm women (69 ± 2 years old) and younger female controls (22 ± 4 years old). The cells were allowed to grow for 35 days in an osteogenic-inducing medium in either the absence or the presence of NTPDase3 inhibitors (PSB 06126 and hN3-B3s antibody); pre-treatment with a lentiviral short hairpin RNA (Lenti-shRNA) was used to silence the NTPDase3 gene expression. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to monitor protein cell densities. The osteogenic commitment of BM-MSCs was assessed by increases in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The amount of the osteogenic transcription factor Osterix and the alizarin red-stained bone nodule formation. ATP was measured with the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. The kinetics of the extracellular ATP (100 µM) and UDP (100 µM) catabolism was assessed by HPLC RESULTS: The extracellular catabolism of ATP and UDP was faster in BM-MSCs from Pm women compared to younger females. The immunoreactivity against NTPDase3 increased 5.6-fold in BM-MSCs from Pm women vs. younger females. Selective inhibition or transient NTPDase3 gene silencing increased the extracellular accumulation of adenine and uracil nucleotides in cultured Pm BM-MSCs. Downregulation of NTPDase3 expression or activity rehabilitated the osteogenic commitment of Pm BM-MSCs measured as increases in ALP activity, Osterix protein cellular content and bone nodule formation; blockage of P2X7 and P2Y6 purinoceptors prevented this effect. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that NTPDase3 overexpression in BM-MSCs may be a clinical surrogate of the osteogenic differentiation impairment in Pm women. Thus, besides P2X7 and P2Y6 receptors activation, targeting NTPDase3 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to increase bone mass and reduce the osteoporotic risk of fractures in Pm women.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Marinhas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rolando Freitas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rui Lemos
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Adélio Vilaça
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Oliveira
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Schäkel L, Mirza S, Pietsch M, Lee SY, Keuler T, Sylvester K, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Gütschow M, Müller CE. 2-Substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives: Allosteric ectonucleotidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100300. [PMID: 34697820 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The antithrombotic prodrugs ticlopidine and clopidogrel are thienotetrahydro-pyridine derivatives that are metabolized in the liver to produce thiols that irreversibly block adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-activated P2Y12 receptors on thrombocytes. In their native, nonmetabolized form, both drugs were reported to act as inhibitors of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1, CD39). CD39 catalyzes the extracellular hydrolysis of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates, mainly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and ADP, yielding adenosine monophosphate, which is further hydrolyzed by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to produce adenosine. While ATP has proinflammatory effects, adenosine is a potent anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive agent. Inhibitors of CD39 and CD73 have potential as novel checkpoint inhibitors for the immunotherapy of cancer and infection. In the present study, we investigated 2-substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives, structurally related to ticlopidine, as CD39 inhibitors. Due to their substituent on the 2-position, they will not be metabolically transformed into reactive thiols and can, therefore, be expected to be devoid of P2Y12 receptor-antagonistic activity in vivo. Several of the investigated 2-substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives showed concentration-dependent inhibition of CD39. The most potent derivative, 32, showed similar CD39-inhibitory potency to ticlopidine, both acting as allosteric inhibitors. Compound 32 showed an improved selectivity profile: While ticlopidine blocked several NTPDase isoenzymes, 32 was characterized as a novel dual inhibitor of CD39 and CD73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schäkel
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Salahuddin Mirza
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute II of Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Keuler
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Spatola BN, Lerner AG, Wong C, Dela Cruz T, Welch M, Fung W, Kovalenko M, Losenkova K, Yegutkin GG, Beers C, Corbin J, Soros VB. Fully human anti-CD39 antibody potently inhibits ATPase activity in cancer cells via uncompetitive allosteric mechanism. MAbs 2021; 12:1838036. [PMID: 33146056 PMCID: PMC7646477 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1838036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular ATP/adenosine axis in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as an important immune-regulatory pathway. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1), otherwise known as CD39, is highly expressed in the TME, both on infiltrating immune cells and tumor cells across a broad set of cancer indications. CD39 processes pro-inflammatory extracellular ATP to ADP and AMP, which is then processed by Ecto-5ʹ-nucleotidase/CD73 to immunosuppressive adenosine. Directly inhibiting the enzymatic function of CD39 via an antibody has the potential to unleash an immune-mediated anti-tumor response via two mechanisms: 1) increasing the availability of immunostimulatory extracellular ATP released by damaged and/or dying cells, and 2) reducing the generation and accumulation of suppressive adenosine within the TME. Tizona Therapeutics has engineered a novel first-in-class fully human anti-CD39 antibody, TTX-030, that directly inhibits CD39 ATPase enzymatic function with sub-nanomolar potency. Further characterization of the mechanism of inhibition by TTX-030 using CD39+ human melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28 revealed an uncompetitive allosteric mechanism (α < 1). The uncompetitive mechanism of action enables TTX-030 to inhibit CD39 at the elevated ATP concentrations reported in the TME. Maximal inhibition of cellular CD39 ATPase velocity was 85%, which compares favorably to results reported for antibody inhibitors to other enzyme targets. The allosteric mechanism of TTX-030 was confirmed via mapping the epitope to a region of CD39 distant from its active site, which suggests possible models for how potent inhibition is achieved. In summary, TTX-030 is a potent allosteric inhibitor of CD39 ATPase activity that is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Spatola
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alana G Lerner
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clifford Wong
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Dela Cruz
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Immunology, Trishula Therapeutics, South San Francisco , CA, USA
| | - Megan Welch
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wanchi Fung
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Courtney Beers
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Corbin
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa B Soros
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Murtaza A, Afzal S, Zaman G, Saeed A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J, Hassan A. Divergent synthesis and elaboration of structure activity relationship for quinoline derivatives as highly selective NTPDase inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105240. [PMID: 34416508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline derivatives have interesting biological profile. In continuation for the comprehensive evaluations of substituted quinoline derivatives against human nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (h-NTPDases) a series of substituted quinoline derivatives (2a-g, 3a-f, 4, 5a-c, 6) was synthesized. The inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against four isoenzymes of human nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (h-NTPDases). These quinoline derivatives had IC50 (µM) values in the range of 0.20-1.75, 0.77-2.20, 0.36-5.50 and 0.90-1.82 for NTPDase1, NTPDase2, NTPDase3 and NTPDase8, respectively. The derivative 3f was the most active compound against NTPDase1 (IC50, 0.20 ± 0.02 µM) that also possessed selectivity towards NTPDase1. Similarly, derivative 3b (IC50, 0.77 ± 0.06), 2h (IC50, 0.36 ± 0.01) and 2c (IC50, 0.90 ± 0.08) displayed excellent activity corresponding to NTPDase2, NTPDase3 and NTPdase8. The compound 5c emerged as a selective inhibitor of NTPDase8. The most active compounds were then investigated to determine their mode of inhibition and finally binding interactions of the active compounds were analyzed through molecular docking studies. The obtained results strongly support the quinoline scaffold's potential as potent and selective NTPDase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saira Afzal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Gohar Zaman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abbas Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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6
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Clark G, Brown KA, Tripathy MK, Roux SJ. Recent Advances Clarifying the Structure and Function of Plant Apyrases (Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063283. [PMID: 33807069 PMCID: PMC8004787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies implicating an important role for apyrase (NTPDase) enzymes in plant growth and development began appearing in the literature more than three decades ago. After early studies primarily in potato, Arabidopsis and legumes, especially important discoveries that advanced an understanding of the biochemistry, structure and function of these enzymes have been published in the last half-dozen years, revealing that they carry out key functions in diverse other plants. These recent discoveries about plant apyrases include, among others, novel findings on its crystal structures, its biochemistry, its roles in plant stress responses and its induction of major changes in gene expression when its expression is suppressed or enhanced. This review will describe and discuss these recent advances and the major questions about plant apyrases that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Katherine A. Brown
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.B.)
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Stanley J. Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-471-4238
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7
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Zimmermann H. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase in purinergic signaling: how the field developed and where we are now. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:117-125. [PMID: 33336318 PMCID: PMC7954995 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geoffrey Burnstock will be remembered as the scientist who set up an entirely new field of intercellular communication, signaling via nucleotides. The signaling cascades involved in purinergic signaling include intracellular storage of nucleotides, nucleotide release, extracellular hydrolysis, and the effect of the released compounds or their hydrolysis products on target tissues via specific receptor systems. In this context ectonucleotidases play several roles. They inactivate released and physiologically active nucleotides, produce physiologically active hydrolysis products, and facilitate nucleoside recycling. This review briefly highlights the development of our knowledge of two types of enzymes involved in extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis and thus purinergic signaling, the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Goethe University, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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8
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Wang Y, Wang C, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Chen B, Wu Y, Yao J, Miao Z. Discovery of natural product ellagic acid as a potent CD73 and CD39 dual inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 34:127758. [PMID: 33359608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-adenosine pathway has been recently identified as an attractive immune-oncology target and several drug candidates have been entered clinic trials. Inspired by the report of the first small-molecule CD73inhibitor AB680, we describe the discovery of natural product ellagic acid as a dual CD73 and CD39 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.85 ± 0.21 μM and 0.50 ± 0.22 μM, respectively. The result of cytotoxicity assays indicated that ellagic acid is a valuable lead compound with low cytotoxicity effect for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhao Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Baobao Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelin Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Zimmermann H. History of ectonucleotidases and their role in purinergic signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114322. [PMID: 33161020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are key for purinergic signaling. They control the duration of activity of purinergic receptor agonists. At the same time, they produce hydrolysis products as additional ligands of purinergic receptors. Due to the considerable diversity of enzymes, purinergic receptor ligands and purinergic receptors, deciphering the impact of extracellular purinergic receptor control has become a challenge. The first group of enzymes described were the alkaline phosphatases - at the time not as nucleotide-metabolizing but as nonspecific phosphatases. Enzymes now referred to as nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase were the first and only nucleotide-specific ectonucleotidases identified. And they were the first group of enzymes related to purinergic signaling. Additional research brought to light a surprising number of ectoenzymes with broad substrate specificity, which can also hydrolyze nucleotides. This short overview traces the development of the field and briefly highlights important results and benefits for therapies of human diseases achieved within nearly a century of investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Goethe University, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Olasehinde TA, Oyeleye SI, Ibeji CU, Oboh G. Beetroot supplemented diet exhibit anti-amnesic effect via modulation of cholinesterases, purinergic enzymes, monoamine oxidase and attenuation of redox imbalance in the brain of scopolamine treated male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1011-1025. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1831260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tosin A. Olasehinde
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa
| | - Sunday I. Oyeleye
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure
- Functional Food and Nutraceutical Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure
| | - Collins U. Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Food and Nutraceutical Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure
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Baqi Y, Rashed M, Schäkel L, Malik EM, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Fiene A, Müller CE. Development of Anthraquinone Derivatives as Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) Inhibitors With Selectivity for NTPDase2 and NTPDase3. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1282. [PMID: 32973513 PMCID: PMC7481482 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates to mono-phosphates. The products are subsequently hydrolyzed by ecto-5′-nucleotidase (ecto-5′-NT) to nucleosides. NTPDase inhibitors have potential as novel drugs, e.g., for the treatment of inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In this context, a series of anthraquinone derivatives structurally related to the anthraquinone dye reactive blue-2 (RB-2) was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human NTPDases utilizing a malachite green assay. We identified several potent and selective inhibitors of human NTPDase2 and -3. Among the most potent NTPDase2 inhibitors were 1-amino-4-(9-phenanthrylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate (20, PSB-16131, IC50 of 539 nM) and 1-amino-4-(3-chloro-4-phenylsulfanyl)phenylamino-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate (48, PSB-2020, IC50 of 551 nM). The most potent NTPDase3 inhibitors were 1-amino-4-[3-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-ylamino)-4-sulfophenylamino]-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate (42, PSB-1011, IC50 of 390 nM) and 1-amino-4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate (33, PSB-2046, IC50 of 723 nM). The best NTPDase2 inhibitor 20 showed a non-competitive inhibition type, while the NTPDase3 inhibitor 42 behaved as a mixed-type inhibitor. These potent compounds were found to be selective vs. other NTPDases. They will be useful tools for studying the roles of NTPDase2 and -3 in physiology and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahmoud Rashed
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Schäkel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Enas M Malik
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Amelie Fiene
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Gorelik A, Labriola JM, Illes K, Nagar B. Crystal structure of the nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme NTPDase4. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2054-2061. [PMID: 32767432 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a family of enzymes found on the cell surface and in the lumen of certain organelles, that are major regulators of purinergic signaling. Their intracellular roles, however, have not been clearly defined. NTPDase4 (UDPase, ENTPD4) is a Golgi protein potentially involved in nucleotide recycling as part of protein glycosylation, and is also found in lysosomes, where its purpose is unknown. To further our understanding of NTPDase4 function, we determined its crystal structure. The enzyme adopts a wide open, inactive conformation. Differences in the nucleotide-binding site relative to its homologs could account for its substrate selectivity. The putative membrane-interacting loop of cell-surface NTPDases is drastically altered in NTPDase4, potentially affecting its interdomain dynamics at the Golgi membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gorelik
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Katalin Illes
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Identifying small molecule probes of ENTPD5 through high throughput screening. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210305. [PMID: 31242188 PMCID: PMC6594577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 5 (ENTPD5) has been shown to be important in maintaining cellular function in cancer, and its expression is upregulated through multiple, unique pathways in certain cancers, including laryngeal, glioblastoma multiforme, breast, testicular, and prostate. ENTPD5 supports cancer growth by promoting the import of UDP-glucose, a metabolite used for protein glycosylation and hence proper glycoprotein folding, into the ER by providing the counter molecule, UMP, to the ER antiporter. Despite its cancer-supporting function, no small molecule inhibitors of ENTPD5 are commercially available, and few studies have been performed in tissue culture to understand the effects of chemical inhibition of ENTPD5. We performed a high-throughput screen (HTS) of 21,120 compounds to identify small molecule inhibitors of ENPTD5 activity. Two hits were identified, and we performed a structure activity relationship (SAR) screen around these hits. Further validation of these probes were done in an orthogonal assay and then assayed in cell culture to assess their effect on prostate cancer cell lines. Notably, treatment with the novel ENTPD5 inhibitor reduced the amount of glycoprotein produced in treated cells, consistent with the hypothesis that ENTPD5 is important for glycoprotein folding. This work serves as an important step in designing new molecular probes for ENTPD5 as well as further probing the utility of targeting ENTPD5 to combat cancer cell proliferation.
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Baqi Y, Müller CE. Antithrombotic P2Y 12 receptor antagonists: recent developments in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:325-333. [PMID: 30291899 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is one of eight known P2Y receptor subtypes, and belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. The P2Y12 receptor is highly expressed on blood platelets and in the brain. Potent, selective, peripherally acting antagonists for the P2Y12 receptor are used clinically as antithrombotic drugs. Several different scaffolds have been identified as P2Y12 receptor antagonists, including irreversibly acting thienotetrahydropyridines (prodrugs), and reversible competitive antagonists, including adenine nucleotide analogs, piperazinyl-glutamate-quinolines, -pyridines, and -pyrimidines, and anthraquinone derivatives. Here, we provide an overview of the different scaffolds that have been developed as P2Y12 receptor antagonists, some of which have become important therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, Postal Code 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharma-Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Molecular dynamic simulations reveal structural insights into substrate and inhibitor binding modes and functionality of Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2581. [PMID: 29416085 PMCID: PMC5803232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides to their respective nucleosides. Herein, we place the focus on the elucidation of structural features of the cell surface located ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDase1-3 and 8). The physiological role of these isozymes is crucially important as they control purinergic signaling by modulating the extracellular availability of nucleotides. Since, crystal or NMR structure of the human isozymes are not available – structures have been obtained by homology modeling. Refinement of the homology models with poor stereo-chemical quality is of utmost importance in order to derive reliable structures for subsequent studies. Therefore, the resultant models obtained by homology modelling were refined by running molecular dynamic simulation. Binding mode analysis of standard substrates and of competitive inhibitor was conducted to highlight important regions of the active site involved in hydrolysis of the substrates and possible mechanism of inhibition.
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Al-Rashida M, Qazi SU, Batool N, Hameed A, Iqbal J. Ectonucleotidase inhibitors: a patent review (2011-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1291-1304. [PMID: 28870136 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1369958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ectonucleotidases are a broad family of metallo-ectoenzymes that are responsible for hydrolysing a variety of nucleotides to nucleosides, hence orchestrating the activation of P1 and P2 cell receptors via controlled release of nucleotides and nucleosides. Many disorders such as impaired calcification including aortic calcification, neurological and immunological disorders, platelet aggregation, cell proliferation and metastasis. are characterized by an increase in expression of these ectonucleotidases. Consequently, selective inhibitors of ectonucleotidases are required for therapeutic intervention. Area covered: Several classes of compounds such as purine, nucleotide derivatives (e.g., ARL67156) and monoclonal antibodies, have shown promising ectonucleotidase inhibitory potential. This review discusses chemistry and therapeutic applications of ectonucleotidase inhibitors patented from 2011 to 2016. Expert opinion: All eukaryotic cells express nucleotide and nucleoside receptors on their cell surface and are capable of releasing extracellular nucleotides. Ectonucleotidases are a broad family of metallo-ectoenzymes that hydrolyze a variety of nucleotides to nucleosides. These extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are important cell signalling molecules and mediate a variety of (patho)physiological processes by acting upon their respective P1 and/or P2 receptors. Discovery of molecules that can selectively inhibit or activate ectonucleotidases is crucial from therapeutic point of view, since it allows human intervention into purinergic cell signalling, thereby allowing us to modulate related (patho)physiological processes as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Al-Rashida
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Syeda Uroos Qazi
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Nayab Batool
- c Institute of Chemistry , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- d Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
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Baqi Y. Anthraquinones as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery targeting nucleotide-binding proteins. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1571-1577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nastasijev B, Milosevic M, Janjic G, Stanic V, Vasic V. Gentiana lutea Extracts and their Constituents as Inhibitors of Synaptosomal Ecto-NTPDase. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.272.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Malik EM, Müller CE. Anthraquinones As Pharmacological Tools and Drugs. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:705-48. [PMID: 27111664 DOI: 10.1002/med.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinones (9,10-dioxoanthracenes) constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds with a wide range of applications. Besides their utilization as colorants, anthraquinone derivatives have been used since centuries for medical applications, for example, as laxatives and antimicrobial and antiinflammatory agents. Current therapeutic indications include constipation, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Moreover, biologically active anthraquinones derived from Reactive Blue 2 have been utilized as valuable tool compounds for biochemical and pharmacological studies. They may serve as lead structures for the development of future drugs. However, the presence of the quinone moiety in the structure of anthraquinones raises safety concerns, and anthraquinone laxatives have therefore been under critical reassessment. This review article provides an overview of the chemistry, biology, and toxicology of anthraquinones focusing on their application as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas M Malik
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
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Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:473-97. [PMID: 25418535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions between distinct processes, including (i) the release of endogenous ATP and other nucleotides, (ii) triggering of signaling events via a series of nucleotide-selective ligand-gated P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors as well as adenosine receptors and (iii) ectoenzymatic interconversion of purinergic agonists. The duration and magnitude of purinergic signaling is governed by a network of ectoenzymes, including the enzymes of the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and other alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Along with "classical" inactivating ectoenzymes, recent data provide evidence for the co-existence of a counteracting ATP-regenerating pathway comprising the enzymes of the adenylate kinase (AK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/NME/NM23) families and ATP synthase. This review describes recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on purine-converting ectoenzymes as a complex and integrated network regulating purinergic signaling in such (patho)physiological states as immunomodulation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, arterial calcification and other diseases. The second part of this review provides a comprehensive overview and basic principles of major approaches employed for studying purinergic activities, including spectrophotometric Pi-liberating assays, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses of purine substrates and metabolites, capillary electrophoresis, bioluminescent, fluorometric and electrochemical enzyme-coupled assays, histochemical staining, and further emphasizes their advantages, drawbacks and suitability for assaying a particular catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Zebisch M, Krauss M, Schäfer P, Sträter N. Structures of Legionella pneumophila NTPDase1 in complex with polyoxometallates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1147-54. [PMID: 24699658 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are secreted or membrane-bound ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze the anhydride bonds of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleoside diphosphates. Mammalian cell-surface NTPDase enzymes are inhibited by various polyoxometallates. Here, the structures of NTPDase1 from the bacterium Legionella pneumophila (LpNTPDase1) in complex with the dodecatungstate POM-1, decavanadate and octamolybdate/heptamolybdate are described. The metal clusters are bound at different sites but always in a highly ordered fashion via electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. For octamolybdate, covalent interactions after oxygen ligand exchange by a serine and histidine side chain are also observed. The potential inhibitory mechanism and the use of the metal clusters as phasing tools for new NTPDase structures are discussed. The binding mode of a tartrate ion at the catalytic centre suggests novel strategies for the structure-based design of NTPDase inhibitors, and the observation of the enzyme in an intermediate open state contributes to our understanding of NTPDase enzyme dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zebisch
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michel Krauss
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Schäfer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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