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Jaswal R, Rajarammohan S, Dubey H, Kiran K, Rawal H, Sonah H, Deshmukh R, Sharma TR. Intrinsically Disordered Kiwellin Protein-Like Effectors Target Plant Chloroplasts and are Extensively Present in Rust Fungi. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:845-864. [PMID: 37000361 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The effector proteins produced by plant pathogens are one of the essential components of host-pathogen interaction. Despite being important, most of the effector proteins remain unexplored due to the diversity in their primary sequence generated by the high selection pressure of the host immune system. However to maintain the primary function in the infection process, these effectors may tend to maintain their native protein fold to perform the corresponding biological function. In the present study, unannotated candidate secretory effector proteins of sixteen major plant fungal pathogens were analyzed to find the conserved known protein folds using homology, ab initio, and Alpha Fold/Rosetta Fold protein dimensional (3D) structure approaches. Several unannotated candidate effector proteins were found to match various known conserved protein families potentially involved in host defense manipulation in different plant pathogens. Surprisingly a large number of plant Kiwellin proteins fold like secretory proteins (> 100) were found in studied rust fungal pathogens. Many of them were predicted as potential effector proteins. Furthermore, template independent modelling using Alpha Fold/Rosetta Fold analysis and structural comparison of these candidates also predicted them to match with plant Kiwellin proteins. We also found plant Kiwellin matching proteins outside rusts including several non-pathogenic fungi suggesting the broad function of these proteins. One of the highest confidently modeled Kiwellin matching candidates effectors, Pstr_13960 (97.8%), from the Indian P. striiformis race Yr9 was characterized using overexpression, localization, and deletion studies in Nicotiana benthamiana. The Pstr_13960 suppressed the BAX-induced cell death and localized in the chloroplast. Furthermore, the expression of the Kiwellin matching region (Pst_13960_kiwi) alone suppressed the BAX-induced cell death in N. benthamiana despite the change of location to the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting the novel function of the Kiwellin core fold in rust fungi. Molecular docking showed that Pstr_13960 can interact with plant Chorismate mutases (CMs) using three loops conserved in plant and rust Kiwellins. Further analysis of Pstr_13960 showed to contain Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in place of the N-terminal β1/β2 region found in plant Kiwellins suggesting the evolution of rust Kiwellins-like effectors (KLEs). Overall, this study reports the presence of a Kiwellin protein-like fold containing a novel effector protein family in rust fungi depicting a classical example of the evolution of effectors at the structure level as Kiwellin effectors show very low significant similarity to plant Kiwellin at the sequence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | | | - Himanshu Dubey
- National Institute On Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kanti Kiran
- National Institute On Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hukam Rawal
- National Institute On Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110001, India.
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2
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Zeindl R, Franzmann AL, Fernández-Quintero ML, Seidler CA, Hoerschinger VJ, Liedl KR, Tollinger M. Structural Basis of the Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Kiwi and Birch Pollen. Foods 2023; 12:3939. [PMID: 37959058 PMCID: PMC10649968 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergies related to kiwi consumption have become a growing health concern, with their prevalence on the rise. Many of these allergic reactions are attributed to cross-reactivity, particularly with the major allergen found in birch pollen. This cross-reactivity is associated with proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) protein family. In our study, we determined the three-dimensional structures of the two PR-10 proteins in gold and green kiwi fruits, Act c 8 and Act d 8, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structures of both kiwi proteins closely resemble the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, providing a molecular explanation for the observed immunological cross-reactivity between kiwi and birch pollen. Compared to Act d 11, however, a kiwi allergen that shares the same architecture as PR-10 proteins, structural differences are apparent. Moreover, despite both Act c 8 and Act d 8 containing multiple cysteine residues, no disulfide bridges are present within their structures. Instead, all the cysteines are accessible on the protein's surface and exposed to the surrounding solvent, where they are available for reactions with components of the natural food matrix. This structural characteristic sets Act c 8 and Act d 8 apart from other kiwi proteins with a high cysteine content. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pyrogallol, the most abundant phenolic compound found in kiwi, binds into the internal cavities of these two proteins, albeit with low affinity. Our research offers a foundation for further studies aimed at understanding allergic reactions associated with this fruit and exploring how interactions with the natural food matrix might be employed to enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Zeindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Annika L. Franzmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Clarissa A. Seidler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Valentin J. Hoerschinger
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.L.F.)
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3
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Klemm P, Christ M, Altegoer F, Freitag J, Bange G, Lechner M. Evolutionary reconstruction, nomenclature and functional meta-analysis of the Kiwellin protein family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034708. [PMID: 36618657 PMCID: PMC9813671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases caused by pathogens critically affect global food security and plant ecology. Pathogens are well adapted to their host plants and have developed sophisticated mechanisms allowing successful colonization. Plants in turn have taken measures to counteract pathogen attacks resulting in an evolutionary arms race. Recent studies provided mechanistic insights into how two plant Kiwellin proteins from Zea mays mitigate the activity of the chorismate mutase Cmu1, a virulence factor secreted by the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis during maize infection. Formerly identified as human allergens in kiwifruit, the biological function of Kiwellins is apparently linked to plant defense. We combined the analysis of proteome data with structural predictions to obtain a holistic overview of the Kiwellin protein family, that is subdivided into proteins with and without a N-terminal kissper domain. We found that Kiwellins are evolutionarily conserved in various plant species. At median five Kiwellin paralogs are encoded in each plant genome. Structural predictions revealed that Barwin-like proteins and Kiwellins cannot be discriminated purely at the sequence level. Our data shows that Kiwellins emerged in land plants (embryophyta) and are not present in fungi as suggested earlier. They evolved via three major duplication events that lead to clearly distinguishable subfamilies. We introduce a systematic Kiwellin nomenclature based on a detailed evolutionary reconstruction of this protein family. A meta-analysis of publicly available transcriptome data demonstrated that Kiwellins can be differentially regulated upon the interaction of plants with pathogens but also with symbionts. Furthermore, significant differences in Kiwellin expression levels dependent on tissues and cultivars were observed. In summary, our study sheds light on the evolution and regulation of a large protein family and provides a framework for a more detailed understanding of the molecular functions of Kiwellins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klemm
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Christ
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Molecular Physiology of Microbes, Max-Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Lechner
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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4
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Wu R, Smith CA, Buchko GW, Blaby IK, Paez-Espino D, Kyrpides NC, Yoshikuni Y, McDermott JE, Hofmockel KS, Cort JR, Jansson JK. Structural characterization of a soil viral auxiliary metabolic gene product - a functional chitosanase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5485. [PMID: 36123347 PMCID: PMC9485262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics is unearthing the previously hidden world of soil viruses. Many soil viral sequences in metagenomes contain putative auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that are not associated with viral replication. Here, we establish that AMGs on soil viruses actually produce functional, active proteins. We focus on AMGs that potentially encode chitosanase enzymes that metabolize chitin - a common carbon polymer. We express and functionally screen several chitosanase genes identified from environmental metagenomes. One expressed protein showing endo-chitosanase activity (V-Csn) is crystalized and structurally characterized at ultra-high resolution, thus representing the structure of a soil viral AMG product. This structure provides details about the active site, and together with structure models determined using AlphaFold, facilitates understanding of substrate specificity and enzyme mechanism. Our findings support the hypothesis that soil viruses contribute auxiliary functions to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Wu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light source, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ian K Blaby
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jason E McDermott
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kirsten S Hofmockel
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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5
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Kinugasa S, Hidaka S, Tanaka S, Izumi E, Zaima N, Moriyama T. Kiwifruit defense protein, kiwellin (Act d 5) percutaneously sensitizes mouse models through the epidermal application of crude kiwifruit extract. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:7610. [PMID: 34776830 PMCID: PMC8559447 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.7610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kiwifruit is a popular fruit consumed worldwide and is also used as a cosmetic ingredient. However, it is known to cause allergic reactions in humans. Recent studies have suggested an association between food allergy and food allergens entering the body via the skin. However, percutaneously sensitizing kiwifruit allergens have not been identified in human studies or in animal models. Objective This study aimed to identify kiwifruit proteins that percutaneously sensitized mice through the epidermal application of crude extracts from green and gold kiwifruit on the dorsal skin, and serum IgE and IgG1 levels were used as sensitization markers. Design BALB/c mice were back-shaved and their skin was exposed to crude extracts from green and gold kiwifruit that contained sodium dodecyl sulfate. Specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies generated and secreted in response to antigens were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting. Results Skin exposure to kiwifruit extract induced an increase in the levels of kiwifruit-specific IgE and IgG1, which are helper T cell 2-related allergenic antibodies in mice. These antibodies reacted with 18, 23, and 24 kDa proteins found in both green and gold kiwifruits. Thus, three percutaneously sensitizing allergens were identified and purified. Their amino acid sequences partially matched with that of kiwellin (Act d 5). Discussion and conclusion Kiwellin has been identified as a plant defense-related protein. Interestingly, many plant allergens are biodefense-related proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family. Kiwellin, which was discovered to be a transdermal sensitizing antigen, might also be categorized as a biodefense-related protein. This study is the first to identify kiwellin (Act d 5) as a percutaneously sensitizing kiwifruit allergen in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina Kinugasa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shota Hidaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Serina Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Eri Izumi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan.,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan.,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
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6
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Structural Characterization of Act c 10.0101 and Pun g 1.0101-Allergens from the Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Protein Family. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020256. [PMID: 33419110 PMCID: PMC7825401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs), which belong to the prolamin superfamily, are potent allergens. While the biological role of LTPs is still not well understood, it is known that these proteins bind lipids. Allergen nsLTPs are characterized by significant stability and resistance to digestion. (2) Methods: nsLTPs from gold kiwifruit (Act c 10.0101) and pomegranate (Pun g 1.0101) were isolated from their natural sources and structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography (3) Results: Both proteins crystallized and their crystal structures were determined. The proteins have a very similar overall fold with characteristic compact, mainly α-helical structures. The C-terminal sequence of Act c 10.0101 was updated based on our structural and mass spectrometry analysis. Information on proteins’ sequences and structures was used to estimate the risk of cross-reactive reactions between Act c 10.0101 or Pun g 1.0101 and other allergens from this family of proteins. (4) Conclusions: Structural studies indicate a conformational flexibility of allergens from the nsLTP family and suggest that immunoglobulin E binding to some surface regions of these allergens may depend on ligand binding. Both Act c 10.0101 and Pun g 1.0101 are likely to be involved in cross-reactive reactions involving other proteins from the nsLTP family.
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7
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Altegoer F, Weiland P, Giammarinaro PI, Freibert SA, Binnebesel L, Han X, Lepak A, Kahmann R, Lechner M, Bange G. The two paralogous kiwellin proteins KWL1 and KWL1-b from maize are structurally related and have overlapping functions in plant defense. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7816-7825. [PMID: 32350112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi deploy effector proteins that down-regulate plant defense responses and reprogram plant metabolism for colonization and survival in planta Kiwellin (KWL) proteins are a widespread family of plant-defense proteins that target these microbial effectors. The KWL1 protein from maize (corn, Zea mays) specifically inhibits the enzymatic activity of the secreted chorismate mutase Cmu1, a virulence-promoting effector of the smut fungus Ustilago maydis. In addition to KWL1, 19 additional KWL paralogs have been identified in maize. Here, we investigated the structure and mechanism of the closest KWL1 homolog, KWL1-b (ZEAMA_GRMZM2G305329). We solved the Cmu1-KWL1-b complex to 2.75 Å resolution, revealing a highly symmetric Cmu1-KWL1-b heterotetramer in which each KWL1-b monomer interacts with a monomer of the Cmu1 homodimer. The structure also revealed that the overall architecture of the heterotetramer is highly similar to that of the previously reported Cmu1-KWL1 complex. We found that upon U. maydis infection of Z. mays, KWL1-b is expressed at significantly lower levels than KWL1 and exhibits differential tissue-specific expression patterns. We also show that KWL1-b inhibits Cmu1 activity similarly to KWL1. We conclude that KWL1 and KWL1-b are part of a redundant defense system that tissue-specifically targets Cmu1. This notion was supported by the observation that both KWL proteins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with distinct and likely tissue-related specificities. Moreover, binding by Cmu1 modulated the carbohydrate-binding properties of both KWLs. These findings indicate that KWL proteins are part of a spatiotemporally coordinated, plant-wide defense response comprising proteins with overlapping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Altegoer
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paul Weiland
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro Ivan Giammarinaro
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven-Andreas Freibert
- Institute for Cytobiology and Cytopathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lynn Binnebesel
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Lepak
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Lechner
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Han X, Altegoer F, Steinchen W, Binnebesel L, Schuhmacher J, Glatter T, Giammarinaro PI, Djamei A, Rensing SA, Reissmann S, Kahmann R, Bange G. A kiwellin disarms the metabolic activity of a secreted fungal virulence factor. Nature 2019; 565:650-653. [PMID: 30651637 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi-induced plant diseases affect global food security and plant ecology. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize (Zea mays) plants by secreting numerous virulence effectors that reprogram plant metabolism and immune responses1,2. The secreted fungal chorismate mutase Cmu1 presumably affects biosynthesis of the plant immune signal salicylic acid by channelling chorismate into the phenylpropanoid pathway3. Here we show that one of the 20 maize-encoded kiwellins (ZmKWL1) specifically blocks the catalytic activity of Cmu1. ZmKWL1 hinders substrate access to the active site of Cmu1 through intimate interactions involving structural features that are specific to fungal Cmu1 orthologues. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that plant kiwellins have a versatile scaffold that can specifically counteract pathogen effectors such as Cmu1. We reveal the biological activity of a member of the kiwellin family, a widely conserved group of proteins that have previously been recognized only as important human allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Han
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wieland Steinchen
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lynn Binnebesel
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schuhmacher
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro I Giammarinaro
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.,Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gert Bange
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany.
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10
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Richardson DP, Ansell J, Drummond LN. The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a review. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:2659-2676. [PMID: 29470689 PMCID: PMC6267416 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit and the benefits relating to improved nutritional status, digestive, immune and metabolic health. The review includes a brief history of green and gold varieties of kiwifruit from an ornamental curiosity from China in the 19th century to a crop of international economic importance in the 21st century; comparative data on their nutritional composition, particularly the high and distinctive amount of vitamin C; and an update on the latest available scientific evidence from well-designed and executed human studies on the multiple beneficial physiological effects. Of particular interest are the digestive benefits for healthy individuals as well as for those with constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders, including symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The mechanisms of action behind the gastrointestinal effects, such as changes in faecal (stool) consistency, decrease in transit time and reduction of abdominal discomfort, relate to the water retention capacity of kiwifruit fibre, favourable changes in the human colonic microbial community and primary metabolites, as well as the naturally present proteolytic enzyme actinidin, which aids protein digestion both in the stomach and the small intestine. The effects of kiwifruit on metabolic markers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes are also investigated, including studies on glucose and insulin balance, bodyweight maintenance and energy homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS The increased research data and growing consumer awareness of the health benefits of kiwifruit provide logical motivation for their regular consumption as part of a balanced diet. Kiwifruit should be considered as part of a natural and effective dietary strategy to tackle some of the major health and wellness concerns around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet Ansell
- Zespri International Ltd., 400 Maunganui Road, Mount Maunganui 3116, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Lynley N Drummond
- Drummond Food Science Advisory Ltd., 1137 Drain Road, Killinchy, 7682, New Zealand.
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12
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Offermann LR, Giangrieco I, Perdue ML, Zuzzi S, Santoro M, Tamburrini M, Cosgrove DJ, Mari A, Ciardiello MA, Chruszcz M. Elusive Structural, Functional, and Immunological Features of Act d 5, the Green Kiwifruit Kiwellin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6567-76. [PMID: 26146952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Kiwellin (Act d 5) is an allergenic protein contained in kiwifruit pulp in high amounts. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional structure of the natural molecule from green kiwifruit and its possible function. Kiwellin was crystallized, and its structure, including post-translational modifications, was elucidated. The molecular weight and structural features, in solution, were analyzed by gel filtration and circular dichroism, respectively. Although structurally similar to expansin, kiwellin lacks expansin activity and carbohydrate binding. A specific algorithm was applied to investigate any possible IgE reactivity correlation between kiwellin and a panel of 102 allergens, including expansins and other carbohydrate-binding allergens. The available data suggest a strong dependence of the kiwellin structure on the environmental/experimental conditions. This dependence therefore poses challenges in detecting the correlations between structural, functional, and immunological features of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa R Offermann
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ivana Giangrieco
- §Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Makenzie L Perdue
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sara Zuzzi
- #Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- ΔAssociated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome and Latium, Italy
| | - Mario Santoro
- #Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- ΔAssociated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome and Latium, Italy
| | - Maurizio Tamburrini
- §Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- ⊥Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adriano Mari
- #Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- ΔAssociated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome and Latium, Italy
| | | | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Pomés A, Chruszcz M, Gustchina A, Minor W, Mueller GA, Pedersen LC, Wlodawer A, Chapman MD. 100 Years later: Celebrating the contributions of x-ray crystallography to allergy and clinical immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:29-37.e10. [PMID: 26145985 PMCID: PMC4502579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of molecules involved in immunology and allergic disease results from the significant contributions of x-ray crystallography, a discipline that just celebrated its 100th anniversary. The histories of allergens and x-ray crystallography are intimately intertwined. The first enzyme structure to be determined was lysozyme, also known as the chicken food allergen Gal d 4. Crystallography determines the exact 3-dimensional positions of atoms in molecules. Structures of molecular complexes in the disciplines of immunology and allergy have revealed the atoms involved in molecular interactions and mechanisms of disease. These complexes include peptides presented by MHC class II molecules, cytokines bound to their receptors, allergen-antibody complexes, and innate immune receptors with their ligands. The information derived from crystallographic studies provides insights into the function of molecules. Allergen function is one of the determinants of environmental exposure, which is essential for IgE sensitization. Proteolytic activity of allergens or their capacity to bind LPSs can also contribute to allergenicity. The atomic positions define the molecular surface that is accessible to antibodies. In turn, this surface determines antibody specificity and cross-reactivity, which are important factors for the selection of allergen panels used for molecular diagnosis and the interpretation of clinical symptoms. This review celebrates the contributions of x-ray crystallography to clinical immunology and allergy, focusing on new molecular perspectives that influence the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Basic Research, INDOOR Biotechnologies, Charlottesville, Va.
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Md
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physic, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Md
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