1
|
Liu H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. Physicochemical understanding of biomineralization by molecular vibrational spectroscopy: From mechanism to nature. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230033. [PMID: 38264681 PMCID: PMC10742219 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The process and mechanism of biomineralization and relevant physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are remarkably sophisticated multidisciplinary fields that include biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. The components of the organic matter, structural construction of minerals, and related mechanical interaction, etc., could help to reveal the unique nature of the special mineralization process. Herein, the paper provides an overview of the biomineralization process from the perspective of molecular vibrational spectroscopy, including the physicochemical properties of biomineralized tissues, from physiological to applied mineralization. These physicochemical characteristics closely to the hierarchical mineralization process include biological crystal defects, chemical bonding, atomic doping, structural changes, and content changes in organic matter, along with the interface between biocrystals and organic matter as well as the specific mechanical effects for hardness and toughness. Based on those observations, the special physiological properties of mineralization for enamel and bone, as well as the possible mechanism of pathological mineralization and calcification such as atherosclerosis, tumor micro mineralization, and urolithiasis are also reviewed and discussed. Indeed, the clearly defined physicochemical properties of mineral crystals could pave the way for studies on the mechanisms and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong X, Lai TT, Chen L, Tian K. Self-assembly and mineralization of full-length human amelogenin and its functional fragments in vitro. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:419-424. [PMID: 34409797 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the dynamic process of the self-assembly behaviors of a full-length human amelogenin (AM) and its functional fragments tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) and leucine-rich amelogenin peptide(LRAP) in vitro and its role in hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal formation. METHODS The full-length human AM and its functional fragments, TRAP and LRAP, were reassembled and purified in vitro. The protein solution of 100 µg‧mL-1, pH=8, was prepared in Tris-HCl and incubated at room temperature for 1-15 min. Their self-assembly behaviors were observed and compared under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The full-length AM was added to artificial saliva and incubated for 3 days. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used in observing the morphology of the induced new crystals. Then, TARP and LRAP were added. The resulting solution was incubated for 3 days and then observed again. RESULTS When pH=8, the full-length human AM and TRAP assembly started spontaneously and formed "nanospheres" after 15 min.The nanospheres formed by TRAP existed independently, with a uniform size but without obvious internal structures. The full-length AM was assembled hierarchically, which formed "nanospheres" and further extended in all directions, formed a chain structure, and then aggregated into a net. The self-assembly behavior of LRAP was not obvious. Proteins mostly existed in the form of monomers without "nanosphere" formation. Only few oligomers were observed. The full-length AM was induced independently for 3 days to form rod-shaped HA crystals. TRAP and LRAP proteins were added, after 3 days the crystal elongation was obvious in the c axis, but the growth in plane A and plane B was poor. CONCLUSIONS The self-assembly and mineralization behaviors of full-length human AM, TRAP, and LRAP were consistent with the directional growth mechanism of HA crystals in vivo, providing a theoretical basis for the role of the fragments in the growth and maturation of HA crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhong
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Dept. of Stomatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences·Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ting-Ting Lai
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Kun Tian
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Dept. of Stomatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences·Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shaw WJ, Tarasevich BJ, Buchko GW, Arachchige RMJ, Burton SD. Controls of nature: Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of the enamel protein amelogenin in solution and on hydroxyapatite. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107630. [PMID: 32979496 PMCID: PMC7744360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin, a protein critical to enamel formation, is presented as a model for understanding how the structure of biomineralization proteins orchestrate biomineral formation. Amelogenin is the predominant biomineralization protein in the early stages of enamel formation and contributes to the controlled formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) enamel crystals. The resulting enamel mineral is one of the hardest tissues in the human body and one of the hardest biominerals in nature. Structural studies have been hindered by the lack of techniques to evaluate surface adsorbed proteins and by amelogenin's disposition to self-assemble. Recent advancements in solution and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and recombinant isotope labeling strategies are now enabling detailed structural studies. These recent studies, coupled with insights from techniques such as CD and IR spectroscopy and computational methodologies, are contributing to important advancements in our structural understanding of amelogenesis. In this review we focus on recent advances in solution and solid state NMR spectroscopy and in situ AFM that reveal new insights into the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of amelogenin by itself and in contact with HAP. These studies have increased our understanding of the interface between amelogenin and HAP and how amelogenin controls enamel formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Shaw
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Barbara J Tarasevich
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; School of Molecular Bioscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Rajith M J Arachchige
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sequence characteristics responsible for protein‐protein interactions in the intrinsically disordered regions of caseins, amelogenins, and small heat‐shock proteins. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23319. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
5
|
Shlaferman J, Paige A, Meserve K, Miech JA, Gerdon AE. Selected DNA Aptamers Influence Kinetics and Morphology in Calcium Phosphate Mineralization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3228-3236. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Shlaferman
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander Paige
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Krista Meserve
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason A. Miech
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aren E. Gerdon
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Buchko GW, Jayasinha Arachchige R, Tao J, Tarasevich BJ, Shaw WJ. Identification of major matrix metalloproteinase-20 proteolytic processing products of murine amelogenin and tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide using a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy based method. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:187-194. [PMID: 29960917 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify major matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP20) proteolytic processing products of amelogenin over time and determine if the tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) was a substrate of MMP20. DESIGN Recombinant15N-labeled murine amelogenin and 13C,15N-labeled TRAP were incubated with MMP20 under conditions where amelogenin self-assembles into nanospheres. Digestion products were fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at various time points. Product identification took advantage of the intrinsic disorder property of amelogenin that results in little change to its fingerprint 1H-15N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in 2% acetic acid upon removing parts of the protein, allowing cleavage site identification by observing which amide cross peaks disappear. RESULTS The primary product in five out of the six major reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography bands generated after a 24 h incubation of murine amelogenin with MMP20 were: S55-L163, P2-L147, P2-E162, P2-A167, and P2-R176. After 72 h these products were replaced with five major reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography bands containing: L46-A170, P2-S152, P2-F151, P2-W45, and short N-terminal peptides. TRAP was completely digested by MMP20 into multiple small peptides with the initial primary site of cleavage between S16 and Y17. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the major MMP20 proteolytic products of amelogenin confirm a dynamic process, with sites towards the C-terminus more rapidly attacked than sites near the N-terminus. This observation is consistent with nanosphere models where the C-terminus is exposed and the N-terminus more protected. One previously reported end-product of the MMP20 proteolytic processing of amelogenin, TRAP, is shown to be an in vitro substrate for MMP20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garry W Buchko
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | - Jinhui Tao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | | | - Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zakaraia S, Almohareb M, Zaid K, Doumani M, Seirawan MY. Amelogenin is a Potential Biomarker for the Aggressiveness in Odontogenic Tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:1375-1379. [PMID: 29802703 PMCID: PMC6031836 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.5.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin (AMEL), the major structural protein of the enamel organic matrix, constitutes more than 90% of the
enamel’s protein content, Aberrations of amelogenin are thought to be involved in the oncogenesis of odontogenic
epithelium. The expression of amelogenin is possibly an indicator of differentiation of epithelial cells in the odontogenic
tumors. Aim of the study: Investigating the expression of amelogenin in some odontogenic tumors, using an
anti-amelogenin polyclonal antibody, and then compare it with AMEL expression in tooth buds as control. Materials
and Methods: study sample consisted of 10 formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded specimens of ameloblastoma,
10 Keratocystic odontogenic tumors, and 10 tooth buds were conventionally stained with hematoxylin-eosin and
immunohistochemically with AMEL polyclonal antibody. Results: All of the odontogenic tumors expressed AMEL
in the epithelial component, Intensity of expression in ameloblastoma and Keratocystic odontogenic tumor was lower,
compared with tooth buds, Statistical analysis indicated a significant differences between the tumors and tooth buds.
Conclusion: Amelogenin can be used as a marker for odontogenic epithelium, and the expression of amelogenin is
possibly an indicator of epithelial cells differentiation in the odontogenic tumors, and therefore in prediction of the
histological behavior of odontogenic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Zakaraia
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bidlack FB, Xia Y, Pugach MK. Dose-Dependent Rescue of KO Amelogenin Enamel by Transgenes in Vivo. Front Physiol 2017; 8:932. [PMID: 29201008 PMCID: PMC5696357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking amelogenin (KO) have hypoplastic enamel. Overexpression of the most abundant amelogenin splice variant M180 and LRAP transgenes can substantially improve KO enamel, but only ~40% of the incisor thickness is recovered and the prisms are not as tightly woven as in WT enamel. This implies that the compositional complexity of the enamel matrix is required for different aspects of enamel formation, such as organizational structure and thickness. The question arises, therefore, how important the ratio of different matrix components, and in particular amelogenin splice products, is in enamel formation. Can optimal expression levels of amelogenin transgenes representing both the most abundant splice variants and cleavage product at protein levels similar to that of WT improve the enamel phenotype of KO mice? Addressing this question, our objective was here to understand dosage effects of amelogenin transgenes (Tg) representing the major splice variants M180 and LRAP and cleavage product CTRNC on enamel properties. Amelogenin KO mice were mated with M180Tg, CTRNCTg and LRAPTg mice to generate M180Tg and CTRNCTg double transgene and M180Tg, CTRNCTg, LRAPTg triple transgene mice with transgene hemizygosity (on one allelle) or homozygosity (on both alleles). Transgene homo- vs. hemizygosity was determined by qPCR and relative transgene expression confirmed by Western blot. Enamel volume and mineral density were analyzed by microCT, thickness and structure by SEM, and mechanical properties by Vickers microhardness testing. There were no differences in incisor enamel thickness between amelogenin KO mice with three or two different transgenes, but mice homozygous for a given transgene had significantly thinner enamel than mice hemizygous for the transgene (p < 0.05). The presence of the LRAPTg did not improve the phenotype of M180Tg/CTRNCTg/KO enamel. In the absence of endogenous amelogenin, the addition of amelogenin transgenes representing the most abundant splice variants and cleavage product can rescue abnormal enamel properties and structure, but only up to a maximum of ~80% that of molar and ~40% that of incisor wild-type enamel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas B Bidlack
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Megan K Pugach
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamazaki H, Beniash E, Yamakoshi Y, Simmer JP, Margolis HC. Protein Phosphorylation and Mineral Binding Affect the Secondary Structure of the Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide. Front Physiol 2017; 8:450. [PMID: 28706493 PMCID: PMC5489624 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that serine-16 phosphorylation in native full-length porcine amelogenin (P173) and the Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP(+P)), an alternative amelogenin splice product, affects protein assembly and mineralization in vitro. Notably, P173 and LRAP(+P) stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and inhibit hydroxyapatite (HA) formation, while non-phosphorylated counterparts (rP172, LRAP(-P)) guide the growth of ordered bundles of HA crystals. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the phosphorylation of full-length amelogenin and LRAP induces conformational changes that critically affect its capacity to interact with forming calcium phosphate mineral phases. To test this hypothesis, we have utilized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the secondary structure of LRAP(-P) and LRAP(+P) in the absence/presence of calcium and selected mineral phases relevant to amelogenesis; i.e., hydroxyapatite (HA: an enamel crystal prototype) and (ACP: an enamel crystal precursor phase). Aqueous solutions of LRAP(-P) or LRAP(+P) were prepared with or without 7.5 mM of CaCl2 at pH 7.4. FTIR spectra of each solution were obtained using attenuated total reflectance, and amide-I peaks were analyzed to provide secondary structure information. Secondary structures of LRAP(+P) and LRAP(-P) were similarly assessed following incubation with suspensions of HA and pyrophosphate-stabilized ACP. Amide I spectra of LRAP(-P) and LRAP(+P) were found to be distinct from each other in all cases. Spectra analyses showed that LRAP(-P) is comprised mostly of random coil and β-sheet, while LRAP(+P) exhibits more β-sheet and α-helix with little random coil. With added Ca, the random coil content increased in LRAP(-P), while LRAP(+P) exhibited a decrease in α-helix components. Incubation of LRAP(-P) with HA or ACP resulted in comparable increases in β-sheet structure. Notably, however, LRAP(+P) secondary structure was more affected by ACP, primarily showing an increase in β-sheet structure, compared to that observed with added HA. These collective findings indicate that phosphorylation induces unique secondary structural changes that may enhance the functional capacity of native phosphorylated amelogenins like LRAP to stabilize an ACP precursor phase during early stages of enamel mineral formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Yamazaki
- Center for Biomineralization, The Forsyth InstituteCambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - James P Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Henry C Margolis
- Center for Biomineralization, The Forsyth InstituteCambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Connelly C, Cicuto T, Leavitt J, Petty A, Litman A, Margolis HC, Gerdon AE. Dynamic interactions of amelogenin with hydroxyapatite surfaces are dependent on protein phosphorylation and solution pH. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:377-384. [PMID: 27632699 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin, the predominant extracellular matrix protein secreted by ameloblasts, has been shown to be essential for proper tooth enamel formation. In this study, amelogenin adsorption to hydroxyapatite (HAP) surfaces, a prototype for enamel mineral, has been studied using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to interrogate effects of protein phosphorylation and solution pH. Dynamic flow-based experiments were conducted at pH 7.4 and 8.0 using native phosphorylated porcine amelogenin (P173) and recombinant non-phosphorylated porcine amelogenin (rP172). Loading capacities (μmol/m2) on HAP surfaces were calculated under all conditions and adsorption affinities (Kad) were calculated when Langmuir isotherm conditions appeared to be met. At pH 8.0, binding characteristics were remarkably similar for the two proteins. However, at pH 7.4 a higher affinity and lower surface loading for the phosphorylated P173 was found compared to any other set of conditions. This suggests that phosphorylated P173 adopts a more extended conformation than non-phosphorylated full-length amelogenin, occupying a larger footprint on the HAP surface. This surface-induced structural difference may help explain why P173 is a more effective inhibitor of spontaneous HAP formation in vitro than rP172. Differences in the viscoelastic properties of P173 and rP172 in the adsorbed state were also observed, consistent with noted differences in HAP binding. These collective findings provide new insight into the important role of amelogenin phosphorylation in the mechanism by which amelogenin regulates enamel crystal formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Cicuto
- Emmanuel College, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Leavitt
- Emmanuel College, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Petty
- Emmanuel College, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Litman
- The Forsyth Institute, Center for Biomineralization, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Henry C Margolis
- The Forsyth Institute, Center for Biomineralization, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aren E Gerdon
- Emmanuel College, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|