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Mäder P, Kattner L. Sulfoximines as Rising Stars in Modern Drug Discovery? Current Status and Perspective on an Emerging Functional Group in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14243-14275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mäder
- Endotherm GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Lars Kattner
- Endotherm GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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2
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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3
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Matsumoto Y, Kittaka A, Chen TC. 19-Norvitamin D analogs for breast cancer therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:333-48. [PMID: 25918960 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol), is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of many types of cancer cells, including breast, colon, pancreatic, prostate, and liver cancer cells. These findings support the use of 1α,25(OH)2D3 for the treatment of these types of cancer. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 can cause hypercalcemia, so analogs of 1α,25(OH)2D3 that are less calcemic but exhibit more potent anti-tumor activity would be good candidates as therapeutic agents. Therefore, a series of 19-norvitamin D analogs, in which the methylidene group on C19 is replaced with 2 hydrogen atoms, have been synthesized by several laboratories. In our laboratory, we have designed and synthesized a series of 2α-functional group substituted 19-norvitamin D3 analogs and examined their anti-proliferative activity. Among them, 2α- and 2β-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 (MART-10 and MART-11) were found to be the most promising. Here, we review the rationale and approaches for the synthesis of different 19-norvitamin D analogs, and the pre-clinical studies using these analogs in breast cancer cells, in particular, we chose MART-10 for its potential application to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Sidhu PS, Nassif N, McCallum MM, Teske K, Feleke B, Yuan NY, Nandhikonda P, Cook JM, Singh RK, Bikle DD, Arnold LA. Development of novel Vitamin D Receptor-Coactivator Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:199-204. [PMID: 24799995 DOI: 10.1021/ml400462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coregulators are master regulators of transcription and selectively interact with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to modulate cell differentiation, cell proliferation and calcium homeostasis. Herein, we report the syntheses and evaluation of highly potent and selective VDR-coactivator inhibitors based on a recently identified 3-indolylmethanamine scaffold. The most active compound, PS121912, selectively inhibited VDR-mediated transcription among eight other nuclear receptors tested. PS121912 is also selectively disrupting the binding between VDR and the third nuclear receptor interaction domain of the coactivator SRC2. Genetic studies revealed that PS121912 behaves like a VDR antagonist by repressing 1,25-(OH)2D3 activated gene transcription. In addition, PS121912 induced apoptosis in HL-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetpal S. Sidhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nicholas Nassif
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Megan M. McCallum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Kelly Teske
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Belaynesh Feleke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nina Y. Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Premchendar Nandhikonda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Molecular
Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Woman and Infant’s Hospital of
Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Endocrine
Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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6
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Lücking U. Sulfoximines: A Neglected Opportunity in Medicinal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9399-408. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Beumer JH, Parise RA, Kanterewicz B, Petkovich M, D’Argenio DZ, A. Hershberger P. A local effect of CYP24 inhibition on lung tumor xenograft exposure to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is revealed using a novel LC-MS/MS assay. Steroids 2012; 77:477-83. [PMID: 22285938 PMCID: PMC3303948 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D(3) catabolizing enzyme, CYP24, is frequently over-expressed in tumors, where it may support proliferation by eliminating the growth suppressive effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). However, the impact of CYP24 expression in tumors or consequence of CYP24 inhibition on tumor levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)in vivo has not been studied due to the lack of a suitable quantitative method. To address this need, an LC-MS/MS assay that permits absolute quantitation of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in plasma and tumor was developed. We applied this assay to the H292 lung tumor xenograft model: H292 cells eliminate 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) by a CYP24-dependent process in vitro, and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) rapidly induces CYP24 expression in H292 cells in vivo. In tumor-bearing mice, plasma and tumor concentrations of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) reached a maximum of 21.6 and 1.70ng/mL, respectively, following intraperitoneal dosing (20μg/kg 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). When co-administered with the CYP24 selective inhibitor CTA091 (250μg/kg), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) plasma levels increased 1.6-fold, and tumor levels increased 2.6-fold. The tumor/plasma ratio of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) AUC was increased 1.7-fold by CTA091, suggesting that the inhibitor increased the tumor concentrations of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) independent of its effects on plasma disposition. Compartmental modeling of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentration versus time data confirmed that: 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was eliminated from plasma and tumor; CTA091 reduced the elimination from both compartments; and that the effect of CTA091 on tumor exposure was greater than its effect on plasma. These results provide evidence that CYP24-expressing lung tumors eliminate 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) by a CYP24-dependent process in vivo and that CTA091 administration represents a feasible approach to increase tumor exposure to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H. Beumer
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Robert A. Parise
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Beatriz Kanterewicz
- Lung and Thoracic Malignancies Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Martin Petkovich
- Cytochroma, Markham, Ontario and Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston
| | - David Z. D’Argenio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Pamela A. Hershberger
- Lung and Thoracic Malignancies Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Chiellini G, Rapposelli S, Zhu J, Massarelli I, Saraceno M, Bianucci AM, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and biological activities of vitamin D-like inhibitors of CYP24 hydroxylase. Steroids 2012; 77:212-23. [PMID: 22133546 PMCID: PMC3539163 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of CYP24A1 represent an important synthetic target in a search for novel vitamin D compounds of therapeutic value. In the present work, we show the synthesis and biological properties of two novel side chain modified 2-methylene-19-nor-1,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the 22-imidazole-1-yl derivative 2 (VIMI) and the 25-N-cyclopropylamine compound 3 (CPA1), which were efficiently prepared in convergent syntheses utilizing the Lythgoe type Horner-Wittig olefination reaction. When tested in a cell-free assay, both compounds were found to be potent competitive inhibitors of CYP24A1, with the cyclopropylamine analog 3 exhibiting an 80-1 selective inhibition of CYP24A1 over CYP27B1. Addition of 3 to a mouse osteoblast culture sustained the level of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), further demonstrating its effectiveness in CYP24A1 inhibition. Importantly, the in vitro effects on human promyeloid leukemia (HL-60) cell differentiation by 3 were nearly identical to those of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and in vivo the compound showed low calcemic activity. Finally, the results of preliminary theoretical studies provide useful insights to rationalize the ability of analog 3 to selectively inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP24A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jinge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Ilaria Massarelli
- Istituto Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali, via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marilena Saraceno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bianucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- International Centre for Studies and Research in Biomedicine (ICB), Luxembourg
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 608 262 1620; fax: +1 608 262 7122. (H.F. DeLuca)
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Zhu J, Barycki R, Chiellini G, Deluca HF. Screening of selective inhibitors of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase using recombinant human enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10403-11. [PMID: 21058632 DOI: 10.1021/bi101488p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-level heterologous expression of human 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) in Escherichia coli was attained via a fusion construct by appending the mature CYP24A1 without the leader sequence to the maltose binding protein (MBP). Facile purification was achieved efficiently through affinity chromatography and afforded fully functional enzyme of near homogeneity, with a k(cat) of 0.12 min(-1) and a K(M) of 0.19 μM toward 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. A convenient and reliable cell-free assay was established and used to screen vitamin D analogues with potential inhibitory properties toward CYP24A1. Some of the compounds exhibited potent inhibition with K(I) values as low as 0.021 μM. Furthermore, TS17 and CPA1 exhibited superior specificity toward CYP24A1 over 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), with selectivities of 39 and 80, respectively. Addition of TS17 or CPA1 to a mouse osteoblast culture sustained the level of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in the medium. Their activities in vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding, CYP24A1 transcription, and HL-60 cell differentiation were evaluated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Cytochromes P450 are essential players in the vitamin D signaling system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:186-99. [PMID: 20619365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From earliest development on, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in most cells of the mammalian body. The VDR is a nuclear, ligand-induced transcription factor that regulates in complex with hormonally active vitamin D the expression of more than 900 genes involved in a wide array of physiological functions (e.g. calcium homeostasis, growth control, differentiation, cognition, immune response, etc.). Accordingly, severe health problems are associated to vitamin deficiencies. Synthesis of the major active form 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ from vitamin D and subsequent metabolism are exclusively controlled by specific P450-forms. Synthesis, a two-step process, starts with a 25-hydroxylation primarily by CYP2R1 (CYP27A1, CYP2J2, and CYP3A4 may also contribute) and a subsequent 1α-hydroxylation via CYP27B1. Circulating in the bloodstream, 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ acts at sites of VDR expression (target sites) in an endocrine way. However, it is also capable of autocrine/paracrine functions since various target tissues are fully competent in 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ synthesis, as illustrated by three examples. 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ levels are short-lived: the hormone upregulates its rapid metabolism by CYP24A1 that attacks repeatedly the vitamin D C₂₀₋₂₇ side chain, thereby producing a complex cascade of transient metabolites with increasing polarity. Most of these metabolites still retain 1α,25(OH)₂D₃-like activities on the VDR, contributing to the overall effect that is commonly attributed to 1α,25(OH)₂D₃. As selective inhibitors of CYP24A1 increase the lifetime and thereby the function of vitamin D metabolites, they will help exploring whether and which intrinsic activities distinct metabolites possess. It appears likely that this strategy may unmask important regulators of new functions.
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Abstract
Vitamin D has gone through a renaissance with the association of vitamin D deficiency with a wide array of common diseases including breast, colorectal and prostate cancers, cardio-vascular disease, autoimmune conditions and infections. Vitamin D analogs constitute a valuable group of compounds which can be used to regulate gene expression in functions as varied as calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as cell growth regulation and cell differentiation of a wide spectrum of cell types. This review will discuss the full range of vitamin D compounds currently available, some of their possible uses, and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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Novikova LA, Faletrov YV, Kovaleva IE, Mauersberger S, Luzikov VN, Shkumatov VM. From structure and functions of steroidogenic enzymes to new technologies of gene engineering. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 74:1482-504. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909130057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Johal M, Levin A. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in general populations: understandings in 2009 and applications to chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4:1508-14. [PMID: 19556377 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02160309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is now recognized as an important prohormone in health and disease. Its role in immunoregulation and cardiovascular and bone health has become topical in the lay press and the medical press in the past 5 yr. The target audience for this review includes the interested clinician and researchers. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the general population has further increased the interest and perhaps the applicability of findings of population studies. The basic physiology of vitamin D and receptor activation and biologic importance is reviewed, as well as various vitamin D analogues and nomenclature. Issues related to measurement of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone have the potential to complicate the clinical use of these tests and should be understood by all clinicians so as to ensure informed decision making and stimulate interest in participation in clinical trials. The epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in association with health status and disease status is reviewed, and issues related to association versus causation are highlighted. Some recommendations for pragmatic approaches and study design are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manraj Johal
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada V6Z 1Y8
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Deeb KK, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:684-700. [PMID: 17721433 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 981] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency could have an aetiological role in various human cancers. Preclinical research indicates that the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, also known as calcitriol, or vitamin D analogues might have potential as anticancer agents because their administration has antiproliferative effects, can activate apoptotic pathways and inhibit angiogenesis. In addition, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 potentiates the anticancer effects of many cytotoxic and antiproliferative anticancer agents. Here, we outline the epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies that support the development of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and vitamin D analogues as preventative and therapeutic anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Deeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Bruno RD, Njar VC. Targeting cytochrome P450 enzymes: a new approach in anti-cancer drug development. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5047-60. [PMID: 17544277 PMCID: PMC1958998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) represent a large class of heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of multitudes of substrates both endogenous and exogenous. Until recently, however, CYPs have been largely overlooked in cancer drug development, acknowledged only for their role in phase I metabolism of chemotherapeutics. The first successful strategy targeting CYP enzymes in cancer therapy was the development of potent inhibitors of CYP19 (aromatase) for the treatment of breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors ushered in a new era in hormone ablation therapy for estrogen dependent cancers, and have paved the way for similar strategies (i.e., inhibition of CYP17) that combat androgen dependent prostate cancer. Identification of CYPs involved in the inactivation of anti-cancer metabolites of vitamin D(3) and vitamin A has triggered development of agents that target these enzymes as well. The discovery of the over-expression of exogenous metabolizing CYPs, such as CYP1B1, in cancer cells has roused interest in the development of inhibitors for chemoprevention and of prodrugs designed to be activated by CYPs only in cancer cells. Finally, the expression of CYPs within tumors has been utilized in the development of bioreductive molecules that are activated by CYPs only under hypoxic conditions. This review offers the first comprehensive analysis of strategies in drug development that either inhibit or exploit CYP enzymes for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
| | - Vincent C.O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
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Zhang J, Posner GH, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. Differentiation-inducing potency of the seco-steroid JK-1624F2-2 can be increased by combination with an antioxidant and a p38MAPK inhibitor which upregulates the JNK pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 105:140-9. [PMID: 17583492 PMCID: PMC2824509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low calcemic analogs of vitamin D are candidates for differentiation therapy of human myeloid leukemias. We report here that the seco-steroid synthesized to have resistance to intracellular degradation and low calcemia-inducing activity, 1alpha-hydroxymethyl-3beta-16-ene-24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-vitamin D(3) (JKF), induces monocytic differentiation in four established human myeloid leukemia cell lines, HL60, U937, THP-1, NB-4, and murine myeloid leukemia cells WEHI-3B D(-). JKF has differentiation-inducing potency which is slightly lower than the physiologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)(2)vitamin D(3) (1,25D). However, simultaneous addition of carnosic acid (CA), an antioxidant, and SB20190 (SB), an inhibitor of p38MAP kinase, increases the differentiation efficiency of JKF to a level similar to the level observed when 1,25D is used in such combinations. We also show for the first time that SB inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPKAPK2, a downstream target of p38MAPK, but upregulates the phosphorylation of at least one of the isoforms of JNK (p46 JNK1) and of c-jun in all four human myeloid cell lines studied here. These studies indicate that the JNK1 pathway is positively associated with monocytic differentiation of several subtypes of myeloid leukemia cells arrested at different developmental stages. Further, since JKF is less calcemic than 1,25D, the data suggest that JKF combined with CA and SB is likely to have a therapeutic advantage over 1,25D-based experimental regimens for myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Masuda S, Prosser DE, Guo YD, Kaufmann M, Jones G. Generation of a homology model for the human cytochrome P450, CYP24A1, and the testing of putative substrate binding residues by site-directed mutagenesis and enzyme activity studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 460:177-91. [PMID: 17224124 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of conserved H-bonding patterns and tertiary structural motifs from 13 crystal structures was used to create a homology model for the human multicatalytic cytochrome P450, CYP24A1, involved in catabolism of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The substrate was docked in the active site and used to identify potential substrate contact residues in the B' helix, B'/C loop, F-helix and the beta-5 hairpin. Seven CYP24A1 mutants were created and studied by mammalian cell transfection and CYP24A1 activity assay. Mutants showed reduced metabolic rates and altered metabolite patterns compared to wild-type. We conclude that: Ile-131 positions substrate via A-ring and cis-triene contacts; Trp-134 and Gly-499 are determinants of substrate access; Leu-148 contacts the substrate side-chain; Met-246 is important in mediating regioselectivity. Our findings validate the new model of CYP24A1, which can now be used to predict structural modifications for rational vitamin D drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Masuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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Masuda S, Jones G. Promise of vitamin D analogues in the treatment of hyperproliferative conditions. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:797-808. [PMID: 16648549 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3; calcitriol] is best known as a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis but is also a potent antiproliferative agent in many cell types, particularly epithelial cells. 1Alpha,25(OH)2D3 mediates its actions through a classic steroid hormone-like transcriptional mechanism by influencing the expression of hundreds of genes. Effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 have been observed on expression of cell cycle regulators, growth factors and their receptors, apoptotic machinery, metastatic potential, and angiogenesis; all of which have some effect on hyperproliferative conditions. This minireview focuses on the anticancer potential of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and its analogues by summarizing the promising data from animal and human trials of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and some of the more interesting synthetic vitamin D analogues in the treatment of a variety of different animal cancer models and in human patients with advanced cancer. Optimal administration of vitamin D analogues is only just being achieved with high-dose intermittent administration overcoming bioavailability and hypercalcemia problems and combination therapy with cytotoxic agents (taxols and cisplatins), antiresorptive agents (bisphosphonates), or cytochrome P450 inhibitors being attempted. Although the potential of vitamin D as an antiproliferative drug has been realized in the treatment of psoriasis and in parathyroid cell hyperplasia associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism, the search for an anticancer treatment incorporating a vitamin D analogue remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Masuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2004. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, cholic acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 127 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, UKBN1 9QJ
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Bouchez LC, Turks M, Dubbaka SR, Fonquerne F, Craita C, Laclef S, Vogel P. Sulfur dioxide mediated one-pot, four-component synthesis of polyfunctional sulfones and sulfonamides, including medium-ring cyclic derivatives. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Posner GH, Kim HJ, Kahraman M, Jeon HB, Suh BC, Li H, Dolan P, Kensler TW. Highly antiproliferative, low-calcemic, side-chain ketone analogs of the hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5569-80. [PMID: 16039132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series 2a-4b of seven new side-chain ketone analogs of calcitriol (1) have been prepared. Unexpectedly, several of these 24- and 25-tert-butyl ketones, even though lacking the classical side-chain tertiary hydroxyl group, are considerably more antiproliferative in vitro than the hormone calcitriol (1) even at physiologically relevant low nanomolar concentrations and are less calcemic than calcitriol (1) in vivo. In addition, ketone analog 19-nor-2a is not significantly less calcemic in vivo than 19-methylene analog 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Hatcher MA, Peleg S, Dolan P, Kensler TW, Sarjeant A, Posner GH. A-ring hydroxymethyl 19-nor analogs of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3964-76. [PMID: 15878279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series 5-8 of 1- and 3-CH(2)OH 19-nor analogs of the hormone calcitriol (1) has been prepared. Surprisingly, 19-nor 1alpha-CH(2)OH analog 5a is more antiproliferative at 100 nM concentration than the corresponding regioisomeric analog 6a with the natural 1alpha-OH group, and 1alpha-CH(2)OH hybrid analog 7a is similar in antiproliferative potency to calcitriol (1) even at low nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hatcher
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Larriba MJ, Muñoz A. SNAIL vs vitamin D receptor expression in colon cancer: therapeutics implications. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:985-9. [PMID: 15770204 PMCID: PMC2361934 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D analogues with reduced hypercalcemic activity are under clinical investigation for use against colon cancer and other neoplasias. However, only a subset of patients responds to this therapy, most probably due to loss of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression during tumour progression. Recent data show that SNAIL transcription factor represses VDR expression, and thus abolishes the antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects of VDR ligands in cultured cancer cells and their antitumour action in xenografted mice. Accordingly, upregulation of SNAIL in human colon tumours associates with downregulation of VDR. These findings suggest that SNAIL may be associated with loss of responsiveness to vitamin D analogues and may thus be used as an indicator of patients who are unlikely to respond to this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Larriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Arturo Duperier, 4, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Arturo Duperier, 4, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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