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Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
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2
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Sibilska-Kaminski IK, Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Plum LA, Sicinski RR, DeLuca HF. Novel superagonist analogs of 2-methylene calcitriol: Design, molecular docking, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105416. [PMID: 34798456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of highly biologically active (20S,22R)-1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogs, possessing different side chains, have been efficiently prepared as potential agents for medical therapy. Design of these synthetic targets was based on the analysis of the literature data and molecular docking experiments. The synthetic strategy involved Sonogashira coupling of the known A-ring dienyne with the C,D-ring enol triflates, obtained from the corresponding Grundmann ketones. All synthesized vitamin D compounds were characterized by high in vitro potency and, moreover, they proved to be very calcemic in vivo exerting high activity on bone with particularly elevated intestinal calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Strategies for the Synthesis of 19- nor-Vitamin D Analogs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080159. [PMID: 32707946 PMCID: PMC7464530 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2-D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, classically regulates bone formation, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also exerts non-classical effects in a wide variety of target tissues and cell types, such as inhibition of the proliferation and stimulation of the differentiation of normal and malignant cells. However, to produce these actions, supraphysiological doses are required resulting in calcemic effects that limit the use of this natural hormone. During the past 30 years, many structurally modified analogs of the 1α,25-(OH)2-D3 have been synthesized in order to find derivatives that can dissociate the beneficial antiproliferative effects from undesired calcemic effects. Among these candidates, 1α,25-(OH)2-19-nor-D3 analogs have shown promise as good derivatives since they show equal or better activity relative to the parent hormone but with reduced calcemic effects. In this review, we describe the synthetic strategies to obtain the 19-nor-D3 derivatives and briefly describe their physiological activities.
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Akagi Y, Yasui K, Nagasawa K. A-Ring Synthons of 19-Nor Type Vitamin D Derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:64-68. [PMID: 27436062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various 19-nor vitamin D analogs, which lack the methylene group at C19, exhibit significant vitamin D (VD)-related biological activities, but generally show a reduced calcemic side-effect compared with VD itself. Among them, paricalcitol is already used clinically for treatment and prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure. Therefore, considerable synthetic efforts have been directed towards 19-nor VD analogs, focusing especially on A-ring synthons suitable for use in convergent synthetic strategies based on coupling of CD-ring synthons and A-ring synthons. For example, we have recently developed a new synthetic route to A-ring synthons from linear dienes based upon a ring-closing olefin metathesis strategy. Here, we review recent synthetic approaches to A-ring synthons for 19-nor VD derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Akagi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan
| | - Koji Yasui
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan.
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6
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Sibilska IK, Szybinski M, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9653-62. [PMID: 26574921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to prepare vitamin D analogues that are superagonists, (20R)- and (20S)-isomers of 1α-hydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 have been synthesized. To prepare the desired A-ring dienyne fragment, two different approaches were used, both starting from the (-)-quinic acid. The obtained derivative was subsequently coupled with the C,D-ring enol triflates derived from the corresponding Grundmann ketones, using the Sonogashira reaction. Moreover, (20R)- and (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 compounds with an (5E)-configuration were prepared by iodine catalyzed isomerization. All four 2-methylene analogues of the native hormone were characterized by high in vitro activity. As expected, the 25-desoxy analogues were much less potent. Among the synthesized compounds, two of them, 1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 and its C-20 epimer, were found to be almost as active as 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD) on bone but more active in intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K Sibilska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Szybinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Sibilska IK, Sicinski RR, Ochalek JT, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 Analogues Monohydroxylated in the A-ring. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8319-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500750b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K. Sibilska
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justin T. Ochalek
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Nagai Y, Tanami T, Abe J, Nagai H, Hamamizu T, Kominato K, Iida K, Nagasawa K. Synthesis of 19-Nor-Vitamin D A-Ring Synthons via Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sibilska I, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and biological activity of 25-hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 compounds. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:17-22. [PMID: 23274116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have recently obtained 1-desoxy and 3-desoxy analogs of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD), a compound exerting significantly enhanced calcemic activity and currently being evaluated as a potential drug for osteoporosis. In order to further explore this class of pharmacologically important vitamin D compounds we have decided to synthesize analogs characterized by the presence of two A-ring exocyclic methylene groups attached to C-2 and C-10. The Sonogashira coupling of a triflate enol of the protected (20R)- or (20S)-25-hydroxy Grundmann ketone and the corresponding dienyne A-ring fragment provided the target compounds. A new synthetic path was elaborated, leading to the desired A-ring synthon, that started from commercially available 1,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene acetal. Biological in vitro and in vivo activities of the synthesized 25-hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 compounds, belonging to 20R- and 20S-series, were evaluated and discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sibilska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zhang CF, Wan RZ, Liu ZP. Recent developments of 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1249-60. [PMID: 23788554 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2 D3 ], exerts its hormonal effects predominantly on intestine, bone, and kidney, where it plays a crucial role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and bone mineralization. In addition to its classical actions, 1,25(OH)2 D3 exerts pleiotropic effects in a wide variety of target tissues and cell types, often in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. These biological activities of 1,25(OH)2 D3 have suggested a multitude of potential therapeutic applications for the vitamin D hormone in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders (e.g. cancer and psoriasis), immune dysfunction (autoimmune diseases), and endocrine disorders (e.g. hyperparathyroidism). However, the calcemic effects induced by 1,25(OH)2 D3--hypercalcemia, increased bone resorption, and soft tissue calcification--limit the use of the natural ligand in these clinical applications. Therefore, numerous 1,25(OH)2 D3 analogues have been synthesized with the intent of producing therapeutic agents devoid of hypercalcemic and hyperphosphatemic side effects. To this aim, much attention has been focused on the development of 19-nor-vitamin D3 derivatives that lack the ring-A exocyclic methylene group (C19). In this review, the 19-nor-1,25(OH)2 D3 analogues are classified according to modifications made at the A-ring, the side chain, or both the A-ring and side chain, as well as other positions. The biological activities of these 19-nor-1,25(OH)2 D3 analogues are summarized and their structure-activity relationships and binding features with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Fei Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
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Imai Y, Youn MY, Inoue K, Takada I, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. Nuclear receptors in bone physiology and diseases. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:481-523. [PMID: 23589826 PMCID: PMC3768103 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our view on the skeleton as a mere solid physical support structure has been transformed, as bone emerged as a dynamic, constantly remodeling tissue with systemic regulatory functions including those of an endocrine organ. Reflecting this remarkable functional complexity, distinct classes of humoral and intracellular regulatory factors have been shown to control vital processes in the bone. Among these regulators, nuclear receptors (NRs) play fundamental roles in bone development, growth, and maintenance. NRs are DNA-binding transcription factors that act as intracellular transducers of the respective ligand signaling pathways through modulation of expression of specific sets of cognate target genes. Aberrant NR signaling caused by receptor or ligand deficiency may profoundly affect bone health and compromise skeletal functions. Ligand dependency of NR action underlies a major strategy of therapeutic intervention to correct aberrant NR signaling, and significant efforts have been made to design novel synthetic NR ligands with enhanced beneficial properties and reduced potential negative side effects. As an example, estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and leads to development of osteoporosis, the most prevalent skeletal disorder in postmenopausal women. Since administration of natural estrogens for the treatment of osteoporosis often associates with undesirable side effects, several synthetic estrogen receptor ligands have been developed with higher therapeutic efficacy and specificity. This review presents current progress in our understanding of the roles of various nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways in bone physiology and disease, and in development of advanced NR ligands for treatment of common skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Imai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Glebocka A, Chiellini G. A-ring analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Plonska-Ocypa K, Sibilska I, Sicinski RR, Sicinska W, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. 13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7205-20. [PMID: 22018918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies focused on the vitamin D compounds lacking the C,D-hydrindane system, 13,13-dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D(3) (2, 2MD) were prepared by total synthesis. The known cyclohexanone 30, a precursor of the desired A-ring phosphine oxide 11, was synthesized starting with the keto acetal 13, whereas the aldehyde 12, constituting an acyclic 'upper' building block, was obtained from the isomeric esters 34, prepared previously in our laboratory. The commercial 1,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene ketal (13) was enantioselectively α-hydroxylated utilizing the α-aminoxylation process catalyzed by l-proline, and the introduced hydroxy group was protected as a TBS, TPDPS, and SEM ether. Then the keto group in the obtained compounds 15-17 was methylenated and the allylic hydroxylation was performed with selenium dioxide and pyridine N-oxide. After separation of the isomers, the newly introduced hydroxy group was protected and the ketal group hydrolyzed to yield the corresponding protected (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxycyclohexanones 30-32. The esters 34, starting compounds for the C,D-fragment 12, were first α-methylated, then reduced and the resulted primary alcohols 36 were deoxygenated using the Barton-McCombie protocol. Primary hydroxy group in the obtained diether 38 was deprotected and oxidized to furnish the aldehyde 12. The Wittig-Horner coupling of the latter with the anion of the phosphine oxide 11, followed by hydroxyl deprotection furnished two isomeric 13,13-dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of 2MD (compounds 10 and 42) differing in configuration of their 7,8-double bond. Pure vitamin D analogues were isolated by HPLC and their biological activity was examined. The in vitro tests indicated that, compared to the analogue 7, unsubstituted at C-13, the synthesized vitamin D analogue 10 showed markedly improved VDR binding ability, significantly enhanced HL-60 differentiation activity as well as increased transcriptional potency. Docking simulations provided a rational explanation for the observed binding affinity of these ligands to the VDR. Biological in vivo tests proved that des-C,D compound 10 retained some intestinal activity. Its geometrical isomer 42 was devoid of any biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Plonska-Ocypa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Glebocka A, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-(3′-Hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D Analogues with Shortened Alkyl Side Chains. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6832-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200743p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Glebocka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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