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Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
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2
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Ouzia S, Royer AL, Pezzolato M, Benedetto A, Biasibetti E, Guitton Y, Le Bizec B, Bozetta E, Dervilly G. Nandrolone and estradiol biomarkers identification in bovine urine applying a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics approach. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:879-886. [PMID: 34242491 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of specifically investigating patterns associated with three steroid treatments (17β-nandrolone, 17β-estradiol, and 17β-nandrolone + 17β-estradiol) in bovine, an reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)(+/-)-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) study was conducted to characterize the urinary profiles of involved animals. Although specific fingerprints with strong differences could be highlighted between urinary metabolite profiles within urine samples collected on control and treated animals, it appeared further that significant discriminations could also be observed between steroid treatments, evidencing thus specific patterns and candidate biomarkers associated to each treatment. An MS-2 structural elucidation step enabled level-1 identification of two biomarkers mainly involved in energy pathways, in relation to skeletal muscle functioning. These results make it possible to envisage a global strategy for the detection of anabolic practices involving steroids, while at the same time providing clues as to the compounds used, which would facilitate the confirmation stage to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Indagini Biologiche Anabolizzanti Animali - CIBA, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Benedetto
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Indagini Biologiche Anabolizzanti Animali - CIBA, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Indagini Biologiche Anabolizzanti Animali - CIBA, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Bozetta
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Indagini Biologiche Anabolizzanti Animali - CIBA, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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Hernández-Mesa M, Le Bizec B, Monteau F, García-Campaña AM, Dervilly-Pinel G. Collision Cross Section (CCS) Database: An Additional Measure to Characterize Steroids. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
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Chiesa L, Panseri S, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Divari S, Benevelli R, Arioli F, Pavlovic R. Evaluation of nandrolone and ractopamine in the urine of veal calves: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:561-570. [PMID: 27448217 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Under European legislation, the use of growth promoters is forbidden in food-producing livestock. The application of unofficial protocols with diverse combinations of veterinary drugs, administered in very low concentrations, hinders reliable detection and subsequent operative prevention. It was observed that nandrolone (anabolic steroid) and ractopamine (β-adrenergic agonist) are occasionally administered to animals, but little is known about their synergic action when they are administered together. Two specific analytical methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have been developed, both of which include hydrolysis of the corresponding conjugates. For the nandrolone method, solid-phase extraction was necessary for the complete elimination of the interferences, while employment of the Quantitation Enhanced Data-Dependent scan mode during MS acquisition of ractopamine enabled the utilization of simple liquid-liquid extraction. The nandrolone method was linear in the range of 0.5-25 ng/mL, while the ractopamine calibration curve was constructed from 0.5 to 1000 ng/mL. The corresponding coefficients of correlations were >0.9907. The lower limit of quantification for both methods was 0.5 ng/mL, followed by overall recoveries >81%. Precisions expressed as relative standard deviations were <17%, while matrix effects were minimal. Urine samples taken at the slaughterhouse from veal calves enrolled in an experimental treatment consisting of intramuscular administration of β-nandrolone-phenylpropionate accompanied with a ractopamine-enriched diet were analysed. Those methods might be useful for studying the elimination patterns of the administered compounds along with characterization of the main metabolic pathways. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - B Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - S Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - R Benevelli
- Quinto Valore S.c.a.r.l., Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Analysis of glucuronide and sulfate steroids in urine by ultra-high-performance supercritical-fluid chromatography hyphenated tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4473-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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7
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Abstract
This review aims to describe the most significant applications of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the field of chemical food safety. A particular discussion of all the different analytical steps involved in the metabolomics workflow (sample preparation, mass spectrometry analytical platform and data processing) will be addressed.
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Kaabia Z, Dervilly-Pinel G, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Plou P, Bonnaire Y, Le Bizec B. Monitoring the endogenous steroid profile disruption in urine and blood upon nandrolone administration: An efficient and innovative strategy to screen for nandrolone abuse in entire male horses. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:376-88. [PMID: 23949888 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone (17β-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one) is amongst the most misused endogenous steroid hormones in entire male horses. The detection of such a substance is challenging with regard to its endogenous presence. The current international threshold level for nandrolone misuse is based on the urinary concentration ratio of 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol (EAD) to 5(10)-estrene-3β,17α-diol (EED). This ratio, however, can be influenced by a number of factors due to existing intra- and inter-variability standing, respectively, for the variation occurring in endogenous steroids concentration levels in a single subject and the variation in those same concentration levels observed between different subjects. Targeting an efficient detection of nandrolone misuse in entire male horses, an analytical strategy was set up in order to profile a group of endogenous steroids in nandrolone-treated and non-treated equines. Experiment plasma and urine samples were steadily collected over more than three months from a stallion administered with nandrolone laurate (1 mg/kg). Control plasma and urine samples were collected monthly from seven non-treated stallions over a one-year period. A large panel of steroids of interest (n = 23) were extracted from equine urine and plasma samples using a C18 cartridge. Following a methanolysis step, liquid-liquid and solid-phase extractions purifications were performed before derivatization and analysis on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for quantification. Statistical processing of the collected data permitted to establish statistical models capable of discriminating control samples from those collected during the three months following administration. Furthermore, these statistical models succeeded in predicting the compliance status of additional samples collected from racing horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kaabia
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, F-44307, France; Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), Verrières le Buisson, F-91370, France
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Doué M, Bichon E, Dervilly-Pinel G, Pichon V, Chapuis-Hugon F, Lesellier E, West C, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Molecularly imprinted polymer applied to the selective isolation of urinary steroid hormones: An efficient tool in the control of natural steroid hormones abuse in cattle. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dervilly-Pinel G, Courant F, Chéreau S, Royer AL, Boyard-Kieken F, Antignac JP, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Metabolomics in food analysis: application to the control of forbidden substances. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:59-69. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes; France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes; France
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes; France
| | - Anne-Lise Royer
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes; France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Monteau
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes; France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes; France
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Scarth JP, Kay J, Teale P, Akre C, Le Bizec B, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L, Van Ginkel L, Points J. A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Scarth
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - J. Kay
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate; Addlestone; Surrey; UK
| | - P. Teale
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - C. Akre
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Saskatoon; Canada
| | | | | | - L. Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | | | - J. Points
- Veterinary Drugs Group, LGC; Teddington; Middlesex; UK
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12
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Bichon E, Béasse A, Prevost S, Christien S, Courant F, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Improvement of estradiol esters monitoring in bovine hair by dansylation and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis in multiple reaction monitoring and precursor ion scan modes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:819-827. [PMID: 22368062 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The control of forbidden anabolic practices in cattle in the European Union has become challenging since endogenous compounds such as estradiol derivatives can potentially be used as growth promoters. Due to the great difficulty in establishing a reference threshold value for endogenous steroids, the direct detection of steroid esters in hair is an efficient strategy for the detection of 'natural' steroid abuse in cattle. METHODS The present study aimed to develop and validate according to the current European standards a specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analytical strategy to monitor estrogen esters in bovine hair. The analysis was performed by positive ion electrospray ionisation (ESI+) after dansylation. Two acquisition modes were then assessed: single reaction monitoring and precursor ion scanning. RESULTS The results showed that the introduction of a dansylation step strongly improves the sensitivity of the detection of estradiol-17-esters by LC/(ESI+)-MS/MS. The CCα values are in the range 1-10 ng g(-1) after optimisation, except for estradiol decanoate for which the derivatisation is not efficient. In addition, this LC/MS/MS approach makes it possible to carry out a precursor ion scan to screen for the presence of these estradiol 17-esters in hair samples. CONCLUSIONS Based on the specific product ions, i.e. m/z 255 in native conditions or m/z 171 after dansylation, this strategy has the advantage of detecting any (un)known estradiol ester and of giving access to the [M + H](+) ion of the suspected ester through only a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bichon
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France.
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