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Sooreshjani MA, Kamra M, Zoubeidi A, Shah K. Reciprocal deregulation of NKX3.1 and AURKA axis in castration-resistant prostate cancer and NEPC models. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:68. [PMID: 34625072 PMCID: PMC8499580 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NKX3.1, a prostate-specific tumor suppressor, is either genomically lost or its protein levels are severely downregulated, which are invariably associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, a clear disconnect exists between its mRNA and protein levels, indicating that its post-translational regulation may be critical in maintaining its protein levels. Similarly, AURKA is vastly overexpressed in all stages of prostate cancer (PCa), including castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC), although its transcripts are only increased in ~ 15% of cases, hinting at additional mechanisms of deregulation. Thus, identifying the upstream regulators that control AURKA and NKX3.1’s levels and/or their downstream effectors offer an alternative route to inhibit AURKA and upregulate NKX3.1 in highly fatal CRPC and NEPC. AURKA and NKX3.1 have not linked to each other in any study to date. Methods A chemical genetic screen revealed NKX3.1 as a direct target of AURKA. AURKA-NKX3.1 cross-talk was analyzed using several biochemical techniques in CRPC and NEPC cells. Results We uncovered a reciprocal loop between AURKA and NKX3.1 in CRPC and NEPC cells. We observed that AURKA-mediated NKX3.1 downregulation is a major mechanism that drives CRPC pathogenesis and NEPC differentiation. AURKA phosphorylates NKX3.1 at three sites, which degrades it, but AURKA does not regulate NKX3.1 mRNA levels. NKX3.1 degradation drives highly aggressive oncogenic phenotypes in cells. NKX3.1 also degrades AURKA in a feedback loop. NKX3.1-AURKA loop thus upregulates AKT, ARv7 and Androgen Receptor (AR)-signaling in tandem promoting highly malignant phenotypes. Just as importantly, we observed that NKX3.1 overexpression fully abolished synaptophysin and enolase expression in NEPC cells, uncovering a strong negative relationship between NKX3.1 and neuroendocrine phenotypes, which was further confirmed be measuring neurite outgrowth. While WT-NKX3.1 inhibited neuronal differentiation, 3A-NKX3.1 expression obliterated it. Conclusions NKX3.1 loss could be a major mechanism causing AURKA upregulation in CRPC and NEPC and vice versa. NKX3.1 genomic loss requires gene therapy, nonetheless, targeting AURKA provides a powerful tool to maintain NKX3.1 levels. Conversely, when NKX3.1 upregulation strategy using small molecules comes to fruition, AURKA inhibition should work synergistically due to the reciprocal loop in these highly aggressive incurable diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00765-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Aflaki Sooreshjani
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohini Kamra
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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LIMK2-NKX3.1 Engagement Promotes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102324. [PMID: 34066036 PMCID: PMC8151535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NKX3.1's downregulation is strongly associated with prostate cancer (PCa) initiation, progression, and CRPC development. Nevertheless, a clear disagreement exists between NKX3.1 protein and mRNA levels in PCa tissues, indicating that its regulation at a post-translational level plays a vital role. This study identified a strong negative relationship between NKX3.1 and LIMK2, which is critical in CRPC pathogenesis. We identified that NKX3.1 degradation by direct phosphorylation by LIMK2 is crucial for promoting oncogenicity in CRPC cells and in vivo. LIMK2 also downregulates NKX3.1 mRNA levels. In return, NKX3.1 promotes LIMK2's ubiquitylation. Thus, the negative crosstalk between LIMK2-NKX3.1 regulates AR, ARv7, and AKT signaling, promoting aggressive phenotypes. We also provide a new link between NKX3.1 and PTEN, both of which are downregulated by LIMK2. PTEN loss is strongly linked with NKX3.1 downregulation. As NKX3.1 is a prostate-specific tumor suppressor, preserving its levels by LIMK2 inhibition provides a tremendous opportunity for developing targeted therapy in CRPC. Further, as NKX3.1 downregulates AR transcription and inhibits AKT signaling, restoring its levels by inhibiting LIMK2 is expected to be especially beneficial by co-targeting two driver pathways in tandem, a highly desirable requisite for developing effective PCa therapeutics.
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3
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Wengner AM, Scholz A, Haendler B. Targeting DNA Damage Response in Prostate and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8273. [PMID: 33158305 PMCID: PMC7663807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone signaling induces vast gene expression programs which necessitate the local formation of transcription factories at regulatory regions and large-scale alterations of the genome architecture to allow communication among distantly related cis-acting regions. This involves major stress at the genomic DNA level. Transcriptionally active regions are generally instable and prone to breakage due to the torsional stress and local depletion of nucleosomes that make DNA more accessible to damaging agents. A dedicated DNA damage response (DDR) is therefore essential to maintain genome integrity at these exposed regions. The DDR is a complex network involving DNA damage sensor proteins, such as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase and the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, as central regulators. The tight interplay between the DDR and steroid hormone receptors has been unraveled recently. Several DNA repair factors interact with the androgen and estrogen receptors and support their transcriptional functions. Conversely, both receptors directly control the expression of agents involved in the DDR. Impaired DDR is also exploited by tumors to acquire advantageous mutations. Cancer cells often harbor germline or somatic alterations in DDR genes, and their association with disease outcome and treatment response led to intensive efforts towards identifying selective inhibitors targeting the major players in this process. The PARP-1 inhibitors are now approved for ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer with specific genomic alterations. Additional DDR-targeting agents are being evaluated in clinical studies either as single agents or in combination with treatments eliciting DNA damage (e.g., radiation therapy, including targeted radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) or addressing targets involved in maintenance of genome integrity. Recent preclinical and clinical findings made in addressing DNA repair dysfunction in hormone-dependent and -independent prostate and breast tumors are presented. Importantly, the combination of anti-hormonal therapy with DDR inhibition or with radiation has the potential to enhance efficacy but still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Haendler
- Preclinical Research, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.W.); (A.S.)
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4
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Bowen C, Shibata M, Zhang H, Bergren SK, Shen MM, Gelmann EP. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Point Mutation in Nkx3.1 Prolongs Protein Half-Life and Reverses Effects Nkx3.1 Allelic Loss. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4805-4814. [PMID: 32943441 PMCID: PMC7642110 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NKX3.1 is the most commonly deleted gene in prostate cancer and is a gatekeeper suppressor. NKX3.1 is haploinsufficient, and pathogenic reduction in protein levels may result from genetic loss, decreased transcription, and increased protein degradation caused by inflammation or PTEN loss. NKX3.1 acts by retarding proliferation, activating antioxidants, and enhancing DNA repair. DYRK1B-mediated phosphorylation at serine 185 of NKX3.1 leads to its polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Because NKX3.1 protein levels are reduced, but never entirely lost, in prostate adenocarcinoma, enhancement of NKX3.1 protein levels represents a potential therapeutic strategy. As a proof of principle, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing to engineer in vivo a point mutation in murine Nkx3.1 to code for a serine to alanine missense at amino acid 186, the target for Dyrk1b phosphorylation. Nkx3.1S186A/-, Nkx3.1+/- , and Nkx3.1+/+ mice were analyzed over one year to determine the levels of Nkx3.1 expression and effects of the mutant protein on the prostate. Allelic loss of Nkx3.1 caused reduced levels of Nkx3.1 protein, increased proliferation, and prostate hyperplasia and dysplasia, whereas Nkx3.1S186A/- mouse prostates had increased levels of Nkx3.1 protein, reduced prostate size, normal histology, reduced proliferation, and increased DNA end labeling. At 2 months of age, when all mice had normal prostate histology, Nkx3.1+/- mice demonstrated indices of metabolic activation, DNA damage response, and stress response. These data suggest that modulation of Nkx3.1 levels alone can exert long-term control over premalignant changes and susceptibility to DNA damage in the prostate. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that prolonging the half-life of Nkx3.1 reduces proliferation, enhances DNA end-labeling, and protects from DNA damage, ultimately blocking the proneoplastic effects of Nkx3.1 allelic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Bowen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Maho Shibata
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hailan Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sarah K Bergren
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Edward P Gelmann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona.
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5
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Xu WH, Wang J, Sheng HY, Qu YY, Wang HK, Zhu Y, Shi GH, Zhang HL, Ye DW. Prognostic implication and functional annotations of Rad50 expression in patients with prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3124-3134. [PMID: 31886567 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that Rad50, a protein involved in the DNA damage repair process, significantly correlated with tumor prognosis. This study focused on Rad50 expression in tumor samples and its prognostic value for patients with prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, significantly elevated Rad50 expression in PCa tissues compared to normal tissues (P < .01). Five independent Oncomine databases validated significant differential expression of Rad50 (P < .001). Hence, 80 patients with PCa from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and 351 patients with PCa with available protein expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were included to investigate the survival benefit. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate the significance of clinicopathological factors on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that elevated Rad50 protein expression levels significantly correlated with unfavorable DFS (P = .005) in the FUSCC cohort and poorer OS (P = .04) in TCGA cohort. Furthermore, coregulation analysis of proteins indicated that 76 coregulated proteins were associated with Rad50, while 11 most highly involved hub proteins, including Rad50, MRE11A, DUT, POLR3A, MCM3AP, RECQL, PNPT1, RANBP3, DDX1, SNRPB, and UGN, were significantly coregulated in the protein-protein interaction network. Functional enrichment analysis consecutively indicated significant functions and signaling pathways including DNA replication, spliceosome, DNA geometric change, homologous recombination, and G2M checkpoint. This study first reveals that elevated Rad50 expression is significantly associated with aggressive progression and poor survival for patients with PCa. Together, these data suggest that Rad50 may act as an oncoprotein, guide the molecular diagnosis, and may shed light on novel individual therapeutic strategies for progressive PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yue Sheng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Moghbeli M. Genetic and molecular determinants of prostate cancer among Iranian patients: An update. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:37-53. [PMID: 31895010 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1657061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common age-related cancers among men. Various environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development and progression of PCa. In most cases, the primary symptoms of disease are not severe. Therefore, it is common for patients to be referred with severe clinical manifestations at advanced stages of disease. Since this malignancy is age related and Iran will face a significant increase in the number of seniors, it is expected that the prevalence of PCa among Iranian men will rise. PCa progression has been observed to be associated with genetic and ethnic factors. It may therefore be clinically useful to determine a panel of genetic markers, in addition to routine diagnostic methods, to detect tumors in the early stages. In the present review, we have summarized the reported genetic markers in PCa Iranian patients to pave the way for the determination of an ethnic specific genetic marker panel for the early detection of PCa. To understand the genetic and molecular biology of PCa among Iranians, we have categorized these genetic markers based on their cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Koçtürk S, Serdar B, Erkmen T, Ergür B, Akan P. Comparison of medium supplements in terms of the effects on the differentiation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. NEUROL SCI NEUROPHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/nsn.nsn_15_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Singh D, Bharti A, Biswas D, Tewari M, Ansari MA, Singh S, Narayan G. Altered expression of NKX3.1 has significant prognostic value in gallbladder cancer. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Feltes BC. Architects meets Repairers: The interplay between homeobox genes and DNA repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 73:34-48. [PMID: 30448208 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeobox genes are widely considered the major protagonists of embryonic development and tissue formation. For the past decades, it was established that the deregulation of these genes is intimately related to developmental abnormalities and a broad range of diseases in adults. Since the proper regulation and expression of homeobox genes are necessary for a successful developmental program and tissue function, their relation to DNA repair mechanisms become a necessary discussion. However, important as it is, studies focused on the interplay between homeobox genes and DNA repair are scarce, and there is no critical discussion on the subject. Hence, in this work, I aim to provide the first review of the current knowledge of the interplay between homeobox genes and DNA repair mechanisms, and offer future perspectives on this, yet, young ground for new researches. Critical discussion is conducted, together with a careful assessment of each reviewed topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Feltes
- Institute of Informatics, Department of Theoretical Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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10
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Min A, Jang H, Kim S, Lee KH, Kim DK, Suh KJ, Yang Y, Elvin P, O'Connor MJ, Im SA. Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Enhances the Antitumor Effect of PARP Inhibitor in Breast Cancer Cells by Modulating DNA Damage Response. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2507-2518. [PMID: 30232143 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in 60%-70% of breast cancers regardless of estrogen receptor status, and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in breast cancers that retain AR. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate a new treatment strategy using a novel AR inhibitor AZD3514 in breast cancer. AZD3514 alone had a minimal antiproliferative effect on most breast cancer cell lines irrespective of AR expression level, but it downregulated the expressions of DNA damage response (DDR) molecules, including ATM and chk2, which resulted in the accumulation of damaged DNA in some breast cancer cells. Furthermore, AZD3514 enhanced cellular sensitivity to a PARP inhibitor olaparib by blocking the DDR pathway in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of NKX3.1 expression in MDA-MB-468 cells by AZD3514 occurred in parallel with the suppression of ATM-chk2 axis activation, and the suppression of NKX3.1 by AZD3514 was found to result from AZD3514-induced TOPORS upregulation and a resultant increase in NKX3.1 degradation. The study shows posttranslational regulation of NKX3.1 via TOPORS upregulation by AZD3514-induced ATM inactivation-increased olaparib sensitivity in AR-positive and TOPORS-expressing breast cancer cells, and suggests the antitumor effect of AZD3514/olaparib cotreatment is caused by compromised DDR activity in breast cancer cell lines and in a xenograft model. These results provide a rationale for future clinical trials of olaparib/AR inhibitor combination treatment in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahrum Min
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongyeong Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Koung Jin Suh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yaewon Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk University Hospital, Cheong-Ju, Korea
| | - Paul Elvin
- Oncology IMED, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J O'Connor
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Johnson TE, Lee JH, Myler LR, Zhou Y, Mosley TJ, Yang SH, Uprety N, Kim J, Paull TT. Homeodomain Proteins Directly Regulate ATM Kinase Activity. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1471-1483. [PMID: 30089259 PMCID: PMC6127865 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine kinase that coordinates the response to DNA double-strand breaks and oxidative stress. NKX3.1, a prostate-specific transcription factor, was recently shown to directly stimulate ATM kinase activity through its highly conserved homeodomain. Here, we show that other members of the homeodomain family can also regulate ATM kinase activity. We found that six representative homeodomain proteins (NKX3.1, NKX2.2, TTF1, NKX2.5, HOXB7, and CDX2) physically and functionally interact with ATM and with the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex that activates ATM in combination with DNA double-strand breaks. The binding between homeodomain proteins and ATM stimulates oxidation-induced ATM activation in vitro but inhibits ATM kinase activity in the presence of MRN and DNA and in human cells. These findings suggest that many tissue-specific homeodomain proteins may regulate ATM activity during development and differentiation and that this is a unique mechanism for the control of the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Logan R Myler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Trenell J Mosley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Soo-Hyun Yang
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nadima Uprety
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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12
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Kadioglu O, Cao J, Kosyakova N, Mrasek K, Liehr T, Efferth T. Genomic and transcriptomic profiling of resistant CEM/ADR-5000 and sensitive CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells for unravelling the full complexity of multi-factorial multidrug resistance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36754. [PMID: 27824156 PMCID: PMC5099876 DOI: 10.1038/srep36754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically characterised multifactorial multidrug resistance (MDR) in CEM/ADR5000 cells, a doxorubicin-resistant sub-line derived from drug-sensitive, parental CCRF-CEM cells developed in vitro. RNA sequencing and network analyses (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) were performed. Chromosomal aberrations were identified by array-comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) and multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mFISH). Fifteen ATP-binding cassette transporters and numerous new genes were overexpressed in CEM/ADR5000 cells. The basic karyotype in CCRF-CEM cells consisted of 47, XX, der(5)t(5;14) (q35.33;q32.3), del(9) (p14.1), +20. CEM/ADR5000 cells acquired additional aberrations, including X-chromosome loss, 4q and 14q deletion, chromosome 7 inversion, balanced and unbalanced two and three way translocations: t(3;10), der(3)t(3;13), der(5)t(18;5;14), t(10;16), der(18)t(7;18), der(18)t(21;18;5), der(21;21;18;5) and der(22)t(9;22). CCRF-CEM consisted of two and CEM/ADR5000 of five major sub-clones, indicating genetic tumor heterogeneity. Loss of 3q27.1 in CEM/ADR5000 caused down-regulation of ABCC5 and ABCF3 expression, Xq28 loss down-regulated ABCD1 expression. ABCB1, the most well-known MDR gene, was 448-fold up-regulated due to 7q21.12 amplification. In addition to well-known drug resistance genes, numerous novel genes and genomic aberrations were identified. Transcriptomics and genetics in CEM/AD5000 cells unravelled a range of MDR mechanisms, which is much more complex than estimated thus far. This may have important implications for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jingming Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadezda Kosyakova
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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13
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EAF2 regulates DNA repair through Ku70/Ku80 in the prostate. Oncogene 2016; 36:2054-2065. [PMID: 27721405 PMCID: PMC5386836 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are known to protect prostate cancer cells from DNA damage. Recent studies showed regulation of DNA repair genes by androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancers. ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) is an androgen-regulated tumor suppressor and its intracellular localization can be modulated by ultraviolet light, suggesting a potential role for EAF2 in androgen regulation of DNA repair in prostate cancer cells. Here we show that knockdown of EAF2 or its homolog EAF1 sensitized prostate cancer cells to DNA damage and the sensitization did not require p53. EAF2 knockout mouse prostate was also sensitized to γ-irradiation. Furthermore, EAF2 knockdown blocked androgen repression of LNCaP or C4-2 cells from doxorubicin induction of γH2ax, a DNA damage marker. In human prostate cancer specimens, EAF2 expression was inversely correlated with the level of γH2ax. Further analysis showed that EAF2 and EAF1 are required for the recruitment and retention of Ku70/Ku80 to DNA damage sites and play a functional role in nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair. These findings provide evidence for EAF2 as a key factor mediating androgen protection of DNA damage via Ku70/Ku80 in prostate cancer cells.
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Padmanabhan A, Rao V, De Marzo AM, Bieberich CJ. Regulating NKX3.1 stability and function: Post-translational modifications and structural determinants. Prostate 2016; 76:523-33. [PMID: 26841725 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen-regulated homeodomain transcription factor NKX3.1 plays roles in early prostate development and functions as a prostate-specific tumor suppressor. Decreased expression of NKX3.1 protein is common in primary prostate cancer. Discordance between NKX3.1 mRNA and protein levels during prostate carcinogenesis suggested a key role for post-transcriptional modifications in regulating NKX3.1 protein levels in prostate epithelial cells. Subsequent studies revealed NKX3.1 to be modified post-translationally at multiple sites. METHODS We reviewed published literature to identify and summarize post-translational modifications and structural elements critical in regulating NKX3.1 stability and levels in prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS NKX3.1 is modified post-translationally at multiple sites by different protein kinases. These modifications together with several structural determinants were identified to play an important role in NKX3.1 stability and biology. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the known post-translational modifications and structural features that impact NKX3.1. Defining factors that regulate NKX3.1 in prostate epithelial cells will extend our understanding of molecular changes that may contribute to prostate cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuth Padmanabhan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Varsha Rao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Urology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins and the Brady Urological Research Institute at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles J Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhang H, Zheng T, Chua CW, Shen M, Gelmann EP. Nkx3.1 controls the DNA repair response in the mouse prostate. Prostate 2016; 76:402-8. [PMID: 26660523 PMCID: PMC4738428 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1 mediates the DNA repair response and interacts with the androgen receptor to assure faithful completion of transcription thereby protecting against TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. To determine directly the effect of Nkx3.1 in vivo we studied the DNA repair response in prostates of mice with targeted deletion of Nkx3.1. METHODS Using both drug-induced DNA damage and γ-irradiation, we assayed expression of γ-histone 2AX at time points up to 24 hr after induction of DNA damage. RESULTS We demonstrated that expression of Nkx3.1 influenced both the timing and magnitude of the DNA damage response in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS Nkx3.1 affects the DNA damage response in the murine prostate and is haploinsufficient for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Zhang
- Department of Medicine and PathologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
| | - Tian Zheng
- Department of Medicine and PathologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
- Department of StatisticsColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
| | - Chee Wai Chua
- Department of Medicine and PathologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
| | - Michael Shen
- Department of Medicine and PathologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
| | - Edward P. Gelmann
- Department of Medicine and PathologyColumbia University Medical CenterHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
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Debelec-Butuner B, Ertunc N, Korkmaz KS. Inflammation contributes to NKX3.1 loss and augments DNA damage but does not alter the DNA damage response via increased SIRT1 expression. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 25705129 PMCID: PMC4336697 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative stress response is a cellular defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative damage and cancer development. The exact molecular mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to DNA damage and increase genome instability in prostate cancer merits further investigation. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of NKX3.1 loss on antioxidant defense in response to acute and chronic inflammation in an in vitro model. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage resulted in increased H2AX(S139) phosphorylation (a hallmark of DNA damage), along with the degradation of the androgen receptor (AR), p53 and NKX3.1, upon treatment with conditioned medium (CM) obtained from activated macrophages or H2O2. Furthermore, the expression and stability of SIRT1 were increased by CM treatment but not by H2O2 treatment, although the level of ATM(S1981) phosphorylation was not changed compared with controls. Moreover, the deregulated antioxidant response resulted in upregulation of the pro-oxidant QSCN6 and the antioxidant GPX2 and downregulation of the antioxidant GPX3 after CM treatment. Consistently, the intracellular ROS level increased after chronic treatment, leading to a dose-dependent increase in the ability of LNCaP cells to tolerate oxidative damage. These data suggest that the inflammatory microenvironment is a major factor contributing to DNA damage and the deregulation of the oxidative stress response, which may be the underlying cause of the increased genetic heterogeneity during prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Debelec-Butuner
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey ; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100 Turkey
| | - Nursah Ertunc
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Sami Korkmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Yang CC, Chung A, Ku CY, Brill LM, Williams R, Wolf DA. Systems analysis of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1 supports roles in DNA repair and luminal cell differentiation. F1000Res 2014; 3:115. [PMID: 25177484 PMCID: PMC4141641 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.3818.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NKX3.1 is a homeobox transcription factor whose function as a prostate tumor suppressor remains insufficiently understood because neither the transcriptional program governed by NKX3.1, nor its interacting proteins have been fully revealed. Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we have established an extensive NKX3.1 interactome which contains the DNA repair proteins Ku70, Ku80, and PARP, thus providing a molecular underpinning to previous reports implicating NKX3.1 in DNA repair. Transcriptomic profiling of NKX3.1-negative prostate epithelial cells acutely expressing NKX3.1 revealed a rapid and complex response that is a near mirror image of the gene expression signature of human prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Pathway and network analyses suggested that NKX3.1 actuates a cellular reprogramming toward luminal cell differentiation characterized by suppression of pro-oncogenic c-MYC and interferon-STAT signaling and activation of tumor suppressor pathways. Consistently, ectopic expression of NKX3.1 conferred a growth arrest depending on TNFα and JNK signaling. We propose that the tumor suppressor function of NKX3.1 entails a transcriptional program that maintains the differentiation state of secretory luminal cells and that disruption of NKX3.1 contributes to prostate tumorigenesis by permitting luminal cell de-differentiation potentially augmented by defects in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Yang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alicia Chung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Ku
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurence M Brill
- NCI-designated Cancer Center Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roy Williams
- Informatics and Data Management Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NCI-designated Cancer Center Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093-0375, USA
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