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Venjakob PL, Bauerfeind L, Staufenbiel R, Heuwieser W, Borchardt S, Stangl GI, Hirche F, Kononov SU, Wilkens MR. Effect of 2 dosages of prepartum cholecalciferol injection on blood minerals, vitamin D metabolites, and milk production in multiparous dairy cows: A randomized clinical trial. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2346-2356. [PMID: 37944806 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 2 dosages of prepartum cholecalciferol injection on blood minerals, vitamin D metabolites, and milk production. Cows entering their second or greater lactation (n = 158) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or one of 2 treatment groups receiving either 6 × 106 IU (6VitD) or 12 × 106 IU (12VitD) cholecalciferol intramuscularly on d 275 ± 1.2 (SD) of gestation. Concentrations of serum total Ca (tCa), phosphate, and Mg were determined on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 d in milk (DIM). For a subsample of 30 cows entering the third lactation (n = 10/group), these samples were analyzed for cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3), and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-[OH]2D3). In these cows, we also determined 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3), the biologically most active metabolite, on 1, 2, 3, and 5 DIM. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to evaluate the effect of different dosages of cholecalciferol on blood minerals, vitamin D metabolites, and milk yield over the first 5 test days after calving. Binary outcomes such as retained placenta and metritis were analyzed using a chi-squared test. Although the 12VitD treatment increased tCa concentrations on 1, 2, and 3 DIM compared with CON, administration of 6VitD increased tCa concentrations only on 1 DIM. Compared with CON cows and 6VitD cows, 12VitD cows had greater serum phosphate concentration during the first 10 DIM. Furthermore, 6VitD cows had greater serum phosphate concentrations compared with CON cows. On the contrary, 12VitD cows had lower serum Mg concentrations during the first 10 DIM compared with CON and 6VitD cows. Cholecalciferol was increased by the treatment and decreased quickly until 10 DIM. In respect to 25-OHD3, the 6VitD treatment resulted in a 4.1-fold increase in comparison to the CON group, while a 6.5-fold increase was observed in 12VitD animals. The vitamin D metabolite 24,25-(OH)2D3 increased linearly with 25-OHD3 serum levels, resulting in the highest concentrations in the 12VitD group. An increase of 1,25-(OH)2D3 until 3 DIM was observed in all cows. However, this rise was most pronounced in the CON group. The incidence of retained placenta was 1.9%, 11.5%, and 29.6%, and that of metritis was 11.5%, 15.4%, and 31.5% for CON, 6VitD, and 12VitD cows, respectively. Although none of the treated cows exerted clinical signs of hypocalcemia, one cow in CON incurred clinical hypocalcemia. Cows of the 12VitD group had a lower milk yield over the first 5 monthly test days compared with the control and 6VitD group (42.2 ± 0.5, 42.0, ± 0.5 and 40.7 ± 0.5 kg for control cows, 6VitD cows and 12VitD cows, respectively). Although no negative side effects were observed in 6VitD cows, we do not recommend the general application of 6 × 106 IU cholecalciferol before calving as positive effects on calcium homeostasis were marginal and restricted to the first DIM. The present findings confirm that the application of 12 × 106 IU cholecalciferol negatively affected milk production on this farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Venjakob
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Clinic for Ruminants, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - L Bauerfeind
- Ruminant Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Staufenbiel
- Ruminant Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - F Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - S U Kononov
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Gropp J, Anguita M, Galobart J, Pettenati E, Pizzo F, Vettori MV, Tarrés‐Call J. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate produced with Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCBS 146008 for all ruminants (DSM Nutritional Products Sp. z.o.o.). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08169. [PMID: 37539081 PMCID: PMC10394675 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate produced with Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 146008 as a nutritional feed additive for all ruminants. The additive is already authorised for use with chickens for fattening, turkeys for fattening, other poultry and pigs. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive does not give raise to any safety concern regarding the production strain. The additive is safe for cattle for fattening and dairy cows at the maximum recommended use level of 0.1 mg 25-OH-D3/kg complete feed. This conclusion can be extended to other cattle categories and extrapolated to all ruminant species. The use of 25-OH-D3 in all ruminants under the proposed conditions of use is considered safe for the consumer. The additive is not irritant to the skin or eyes. No conclusion on its potential to be a skin sensitiser or on its effects on the respiratory system can be reached due to absence of data. The use of the additive under assessment at the recommended conditions of use is considered safe for the environment. 25-OH-D3 is an efficient source of vitamin D3 for all ruminants when used according to the proposed conditions of use.
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Chen W, Yang X, Bao J, Lin Z, Li T, Wang Y, Zhang A, Hu J, Jin J. A Pilot Study on the Concentration, Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Tissues and Organs of Grassland Sheep. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12170. [PMID: 36231471 PMCID: PMC9566259 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in various tissues and organs of grassland sheep from Inner Mongolia, China, were determined. The abilities of PBDEs binding to ovine serum albumin (OSA) and Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A24) were assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking simulations. The PBDE concentrations in the sheep tissue and organ samples were 33.4-167 pg/g dw. The distribution of PBDEs in sheep organs and tissues is affected not only by the function of organs and tissues, but also by the characteristics of PBDEs. Adipose tissue tends to bioaccumulate more-brominated BDEs (BDE-154, -153, and -183), but muscle tissues and visceral organs mainly bioaccumulate less-brominated BDEs. The distribution of PBDEs in visceral organs is mainly affected by the transport of ovine serum albumin (OSA) and the metabolism of CYP3A24 enzyme. The distribution of PBDEs in adipose tissue and brain is mainly affected by their logKOW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junsong Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziyi Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianwei Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Food and Environmental Health Engineering Center, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Lütke-Dörhoff M, Schulz J, Westendarp H, Visscher C, Wilkens MR. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an alternative to cholecalciferol in swine diets: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1288-1305. [PMID: 36045590 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3 ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3 , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lütke-Dörhoff
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Köhler OM, Grünberg W, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS, Rajaeerad A, Hummel J, Breves G, Wilkens MR. Dietary phosphorus restriction affects bone metabolism, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:35-50. [PMID: 33001513 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi ) is maintained by a concerted interplay of absorption and reabsorption via the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney and by storage and mobilization from the bone regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. The present study aimed at characterizing the effects of dietary P restriction on bone, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits reflecting the endogenous P cycle maintaining the ruminal P supply for microbial metabolism. The experiments were done in eleven female, non-pregnant, non-lactating four- to nine-year-old Black Headed Mutton sheep allotted to two feeding groups: "P-restricted" (0.11% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM) and "Control" (0.38% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM). Dietary P restriction did not lead to hypophosphataemia, probably due to a compensation by bone mobilization, demonstrated by increased serum concentrations of a resorption marker and altered gene expression in bone tissue. In addition, the RNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 23, a bone-derived factor involved in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism, was significantly reduced with dietary P restriction. Furthermore, several genes related to vitamin D metabolism and plasma concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2 D were associated with serum concentrations of phosphate (Pi ). In the parotid gland, the expression of the Pi transporter NaPi2b was negatively associated with serum Pi and positively with parathyroid PTH expression. Although Pi concentrations in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract were significantly reduced, we found no adverse effects of the P-restricted ration on the production of short chain fatty acids, but slight differences in the production of butyrate as well as its relationship to rumen Pi and ammonia concentrations that might indicate an impact on ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana M Köhler
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Walter Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Abbas Rajaeerad
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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6
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Blanco-Castañeda R, Galaviz-Hernández C, Souto PCS, Lima VV, Giachini FR, Escudero C, Damiano AE, Barragán-Zúñiga LJ, Martínez-Aguilar G, Sosa-Macías M. The role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the placenta: a growing research field. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:247-263. [PMID: 32129110 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1733412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The placenta is a temporary and unique organ that allows for the physical connection between a mother and fetus; this organ regulates the transport of gases and nutrients mediating the elimination of waste products contained in the fetal circulation. The placenta performs metabolic and excretion functions, on the basis of multiple enzymatic systems responsible for the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation of xenobiotics. These mechanisms give the placenta a protective role that limits the fetal exposure to harmful compounds. During pregnancy, some diseases require uninterrupted treatment even if it is detrimental to the fetus. Drugs and other xenobiotics alter gene expression in the placenta with repercussions for the fetus and mother's well-being.Areas covered: This review provides a brief description of the human placental structure and function, the main drug and xenobiotic transporters and metabolizing enzymes, placenta-metabolized substrates, and alterations in gene expression that the exposure to xenobiotics may cause.Expert opinion: Research should be focused on the identification and validation of biological markers for the assessment of the harmful effects of some drugs in pregnancy, including the evaluation of polymorphisms and methylation patterns in chorionic villous samples and/or amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula C S Souto
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT) Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health) Basic Sciences Department Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Del Bio-Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - Alicia E Damiano
- Laboratorio De Biología De La Reproducción, IFIBIO Houssay-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad De Farmacia Y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, UBA, Argentina
| | | | - Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar
- Unidad De Investigación Biomédica - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Durango, Durango, México
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CIIDIR Durango, Durango, Mexico
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7
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Wilkens MR, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary protein and calcium modulate parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105503. [PMID: 31648052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For economic reasons and in order to minimize nitrogen excretion and thus pollution, the crude protein content in the diet of livestock animals should be as low as possible without negatively affecting the animals´ health and performance. As ruminants can efficiently use dietary protein because of the ruminohepatic circulation of urea, they are considered to cope more easily with such a feeding regime than monogastric animals. However, despite unaltered daily weight gain, massive changes in mineral homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism were observed with dietary protein reduction (N-) in young, growing goats. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) were decreased with a low N intake, even if calcium (Ca) was also restricted (Ca-). Interestingly, concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measured as an indirect assessment for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) activity were not affected by low protein. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland is modulated during these dietary interventions. Four groups of male German colored goats received a control (N+/Ca+), a reduced protein (N-/Ca+), a reduced Ca (N+/Ca-) or a reduced protein and Ca (N-/Ca-) diet. After six weeks we determined the expression of PTH, PTH receptor, Ca sensing receptor (CASR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor (RXRα), Klotho, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c-splicing form, and the sodium-dependent Pi transporter (PiT1) in the parathyroid glands. Concentrations of cAMP were not affected, while those of Ca and 1,25-(OH)2D3were diminished and that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased with N- feeding. The expression patterns of the described target genes were not altered. In contrast, animals fed the Ca- rations showed enhanced serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 and cAMP levels with no changes in blood Ca concentrations demonstrating an efficient adaptation. The mRNA expression of expression of VDR and CASR in the parathyroid gland was significantly diminished and RXRα, PTHR and PiT1 expression was elevated. Instead of the assumed desensitization of the parathyroid gland with N-, our results indicate elevated responsiveness to decreased blood Ca with feeding Ca-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Effects of vitamin D on drugs: Response and disposal. Nutrition 2020; 74:110734. [PMID: 32179384 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D deficiency are common in clinical experience and in daily life. Vitamin D not only promotes calcium absorption and immune regulation, but also changes drug effects (pharmacodynamics and adverse reactions) and drug disposal in vivo when combined with various commonly used clinical drugs. The extensive physiological effects of vitamin D may cause synergism effects or alleviation of adverse reactions, and vitamin D's affect on drugs in vivo disposal through drug transporters or metabolic enzymes may also lead to changes in drug effects. Herein, the effects of vitamin D combined with commonly used drugs were reviewed from the perspective of drug efficacy and adverse reactions. The effects of vitamin D on drug transport and metabolism were summarized and analyzed. Hopefully, more attention will be paid to vitamin D supplementation and deficiency in clinical treatment and drug research and development.
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9
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Administration of Vitamin D Metabolites Affects RNA Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes and Function of ABC Transporters in Rats. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/1279036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From studies on different species and in cell culture systems, it has been suggested that vitamin D metabolites might affect the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics. Although most studies performed on rodents and cell cultures report an upregulation of respective enzymes and transporters, data from the literature are inconsistent. Especially results obtained with sheep differ from these observations. As vitamin D metabolites are widely used as feed additives or therapeutics in livestock animals, we aimed to assess whether these differences indicate species-specific responses or occurred due to the very high dosages used in the rodent studies. Therefore, we applied treatment protocols to rats that had been used previously in sheep or cattle. Forty-eight female rats were divided into three treatment and corresponding placebo groups: (1) a single intraperitoneal injection of 1,25-(OH)2D3 or placebo 12 h before sacrifice; (2) daily supplementation with 25-OHD3 by oral gavage or placebo for 10 days; and (3) a single intramuscular injection of vitamin D3 10 days before sacrifice. In contrast to a previous study using sheep, treatment of rats with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not result in an upregulation of cytochrome P450 3A isoenzymes (CYP3A), but a decrease was found in hepatic and intestinal expressions. In addition, a downregulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein was found in the brain. Taken together, the stimulating effects of vitamin D metabolites on the expression of genes involved in the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics reported previously for rodents and sheep could not be reproduced. In contrast, we even observed a negative impact on the expression of CYP3A enzymes and their most important regulator, the pregnane X receptor. Most interestingly, we could demonstrate an effect of treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 on the functional activity of ileal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using the Ussing chamber technique.
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10
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Hyde ML, Wilkens MR, Fraser DR. In vivo measurement of strontium absorption from the rumen of dairy cows as an index of calcium absorption capacity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5699-5705. [PMID: 31005315 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of dietary calcium from the rumen is a quantitatively important process in calcium homeostasis of ruminants. In 3 separate experiments in dairy cows, we applied a technique developed in sheep to measure the rate of strontium (Sr) absorption from the rumen as an indicator of calcium absorption capacity. Absorption from the rumen after an oral dose of SrCl2 resulted in a maximum plasma concentration of Sr after 1 h, whereas absorption from the small intestine after injection of SrCl2 into the abomasum through a cannula occurred more slowly. The second experiment demonstrated that the calcium absorption capacity index of the rumen was significantly greater in 21 lactating Friesian cows (230 ± 66, mean ± SEM) than in 6 mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant heifers (101 ± 21, mean ± SEM). In a third experiment, we compared clinically normal cows at the onset of lactation with those that developed parturient paresis. In cows that developed severe hypocalcemia, plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D were significantly elevated (144 ± 60 pg/mL vs. 90 ± 54 pg/mL; means ± SEM) and their rumen calcium absorption index was significantly decreased compared with that of clinically normal cows. Evidence suggested that mobilization of calcium from bone as lactation commenced was significantly depressed in paretic cows compared with those that did not show clinical signs of hypocalcemia. Moreover, ruminal stasis suppressed the absorption of calcium from the rumen. We conclude that measurement of Sr concentration in blood plasma after an oral dose of SrCl2 into the rumen can be used as an index of rumen calcium absorption capacity under different states of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hyde
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - David R Fraser
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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11
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Wilkens MR, Firmenich CS, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:196-202. [PMID: 30394334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides other adverse effects, a low protein diet has been shown to modulate cholesterol and vitamin D metabolism in monogastric species like rats and humans. As ruminants can increase the efficiency of the rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, it is assumed that goats should be able to compensate for a low dietary protein intake better. After a dietary protein restriction (9% vs. 20%) for six weeks, plasma concentrations of urea, albumin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium were decreased, while plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), and total cholesterol were significantly increased in young goats. Because this was not accompanied by any decrease in expression of CYP24A1 mRNA, we investigated mRNA expression of additional enzymes with known 24- and/or 25-hydroxylase activities (CYP2R1, CYP2J2, CYP3 A24, CYP27A1), receptors involved in their regulation (VDR, PXR, RXRα) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). CYP2R1expression was stimulated with the low dietary protein intake, negatively correlated with plasma urea and positively associated with serum 25-OHD3. The greater plasma concentrations of total cholesterol could be explained with the reduction of CYP2J2 and CYP27A1 expression. None of the receptors investigated were affected by the dietary protein restriction but mRNA expression of VDBP was slightly reduced. Taken together our results show that dietary protein restriction has an impact on vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in ruminants, too. Therefore, further investigations are needed before dietary interventions aiming at diminishing nitrogen excretion can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline S Firmenich
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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12
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Klinger S, Lange P, Brandt E, Hustedt K, Schröder B, Breves G, Herrmann J. Degree of SGLT1 phosphorylation is associated with but does not determine segment-specific glucose transport features in the porcine small intestines. Physiol Rep 2018; 6. [PMID: 29333720 PMCID: PMC5789657 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose‐induced electrogenic ion transport is higher in the porcine ileum compared with the jejunum despite equal apical abundance of SGLT1. The objective of this study was a detailed determination of SGLT1 and GLUT2 expressions at mRNA and protein levels along the porcine small intestinal axis. Phosphorylation of SGLT1 at serine 418 was assessed as a potential modulator of activity. Porcine intestinal tissues taken along the intestinal axis 1 h or 3 h after feeding were analyzed for relative mRNA (RT‐PCR) and protein levels (immunoblot) of SGLT1, pSGLT1, GLUT2, (p)AMPK, β2‐receptor, and PKA substrates. Functional studies on electrogenic glucose transport were done (Ussing chambers: short circuit currents (Isc)). Additionally, effects of epinephrine (Epi) administration on segment‐specific glucose transport and pSGLT1 content were examined. SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression was similar throughout the small intestines but lower in the duodenum and distal ileum. pSGLT1 abundance was significantly lower in the ileum compared with the jejunum associated with significantly higher glucose‐induced Isc. SGLT1 phosphorylation was not inducible by Epi. Epi treatment decreased glucose‐induced Isc and glucose flux rates in the jejunum but increased basal Isc in the ileum. Epi‐induced PKA activation was detectable in jejunal tissue. These results may indicate that SGLT1 phosphorylation at Ser418 represents a structural change to compensate for certain conditions that may decrease glucose transport (unfavorable driving forces/changed apical membrane potential) rather than being the cause for the overall differences in glucose transport characteristics between the jejunum and ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Lange
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Herrmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Wilkens MR, Elfers K, Schmicke M, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate CYP27B1 expression in young goats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 64:70-76. [PMID: 29754009 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In livestock, feeding a reduced nitrogen (N) diet is favored for economic and ecological reasons. Ruminants cope more easily with a reduced N diet than monogastric species. However, changes in mineral homeostasis such as a reduction in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) concentrations, calcium (Ca), and IGF1 levels were observed in goats kept on a reduced N diet. The decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 occurred even during a simultaneous reduction in dietary N and Ca, whereas a solitary Ca reduction stimulated 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of N- and/or Ca-reduced diets on the expression of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), 1-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), Klotho, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c (FGFR1c) in kidneys of young goats. Four groups were kept on a control diet, an N-reduced diet, a Ca-reduced diet or an N- and a Ca-reduced diet. Renal expression of CYP24A1 was not affected, whereas CYP27B1 expression was significantly diminished in the N-reduced diet fed goats (P < 0.05) and significantly elevated with the Ca reduction (P < 0.001). The VDR expression was not modified, whereas RXRα (P < 0.05) and Klotho expression (P < 0.001) were stimulated during Ca reduction. The IGF1R (P < 0.05) and FGFR1c (P < 0.05) expression were enhanced with the N reduction. From these data, it can be concluded that the downregulation of renal CYP27B1 expression observed with dietary N reduction is probably mediated by a complex interaction between the somatotropic axis and the Klotho/FGF signaling pathway in young goats.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Animal Feed/analysis
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology
- Diet/veterinary
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Goats/physiology
- Kidney/enzymology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Klotho Proteins
- Male
- Nitrogen/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Guo T, Huang J, Huan C, He F, Zhang Y, Bhutto ZA, Wang L. Cloning and Transcriptional Activity Analysis of the Porcine Abcb1 Gene Promoter: Transcription Factor Sp1 Regulates the Expression of Porcine Abcb1. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:373. [PMID: 29780320 PMCID: PMC5945876 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (P-gp, Abcb1) plays a crucial role in drug disposition and functions by hydrolyzing ATP. However, little is known about the regulatory elements governing the transcription of the porcine Abcb1 gene. In this study, the transcription start site of the pig Abcb1 gene was identified by 5'-RACE. A 1.9-kb fragment of the 5'-flanking region of the Abcb1 gene was cloned from pig genomic DNA and sequenced. The region critical for its promoter activity was investigated via progressive deletions. Further, using mutation assays, two proximal Sp1 binding sites within the 5'-flanking region of Abcb1 were proven to be important cis-regulatory elements involved in regulating the constitutive expression of porcine Abcb1. RNA interference experiments showed that Sp1 regulated the expression of the porcine P-gp at both mRNA and protein levels. Hence, the current work provides valuable information on the regulatory mechanisms of pig Abcb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinhu Huang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zohaib A Bhutto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Osorio JS, Vailati-Riboni M, Palladino A, Luo J, Loor JJ. Application of nutrigenomics in small ruminants: Lactation, growth, and beyond. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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